Psychosocial Aspects of the Old Man and the Sea - 6923 Words

Psychosocially therapeutic aspects of The old Man and the Sea This exceptional story should be used as a therapeutic aid for hopeless and depressed people who needed a powerful force for continuing struggles of life against fate. They should say as the boy Manolin, Ill bring the luck by myself. In the story the old man tells us It is silly not to hope...besides I believe it is a sin. Hemingway draws a distinction between two different types of success: outer-material and inner-spiritual. While the old man lacks the former, the importance of this lack is eclipsed by his possession of the later. He teaches all people the triumph of indefatigable spirit over exhaustible resources. Hemingways hero as a perfectionist man tells us: To be†¦show more content†¦Manolin says, It was Papa made me leave. I am a boy and I must obey him, to which Santiago replies, I know....It is quite normal. He hasnt much faith . Despite the clear hierarchy of this teacher/student relationship, Santiago does stress his equality with the boy. When Manolin asks to buy the old man a beer, Santiago replies, Why not?...Between fisherman. And when Manolin asks to help Santiago with his fishing, Santiago replies, You are already a man . By demonstrating that Santiago has little more to teach the boy, this equality foreshadows the impending separation of the two friends, and also indicates that this will not be a story about a young boy learning from an old man, but a story of an old man learning the unique lessons of the autumn of life. In fact unity us one of main themes of the story.Hemingway spends a good deal of time drawing connections between Santiago and his natural environment: the fish, birds, and stars are all his brothers or friends, he has the heart of a turtle, eats turtle eggs for strength, drinks shark liver oil for health, etc. Also, apparently contradictory elements are repeatedly shown as aspects of one unified whole: the sea is both kind and cruel, feminine and masculine, the Portuguese man of war is beautiful but deadly, the mako shark is noble but a cruel, etc. The novellas premise of unity helps succor Santiago in the midst of his greatShow MoreRelatedAutobiography of My Father5028 Words   |  21 PagesErnest was in his 30-an. He returned to his old position with Department of Fisheries in Malaysia and continues worked for the department for nine years until 1990. Later he joined Underwater World Singapore, Sentosa as an Assistant Curator cum Education Manager. Then, one day, on a church serv ice, he met Amy, a beautician. Her sincerity and optimistic complemented his quiet and conservative. Within two years they married and by the time, my dad was 35 years old. During the next four years, their twoRead MoreEffectiveness the Implementation of Peace and Order Ordinance at Barangayn7685 Words   |  31 Pagesand maximizing community participation? 2.) How do these academics perceive about the general image of the BPU in empowering the local people to propose and design program and projects for protection from potential risks or dangers during natural and man–made occurrences? 3.) How can we enhance local governance of the BPU in the Philippines by proposing PP?17 Masagca, J. T., Masagca, M. T. Chunxiang, M. (2009). Enhancing Governance of the Barangay: Reflections of Academics, JOAAG, Vol. 4. No.2 CertainRead MoreProceedings Of The Second Conference On Human Capital Development9482 Words   |  38 PagesKeynote Address Delivered at the opening session of the workshop organized by the Fortress Educational and Consultancy Services Ltd in collaboration with the Rivers State College of Arts and Science. Abstract The paper looks at the philosophical and psychosocial concepts of ‘self’ and how these concepts and definitions enable individual set developmental goals for organizational effectiveness. The main thrust is to create confidence in the organizational staff and to make them aware that their careerRead MoreA Project on Industrial Relations and Labour Welfare16776 Words   |  68 Pagespromotion of a systematic exchange of information and good practices with regard to specific national/regional approaches, moreover stimulating mutual learning processes on strategies and contents of the programmes, which may include a broad range of aspects. Special attention will be paid to the societal context of work life development policies. It is also necessary to identify current RD-cultures and climates of innovative initiatives and policies. Considering this background, the Stockholm workshopsRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pagesin stances of language system (langue): French, English, Urdu, but in addition, those other languages of chess, of heraldry, of computers, etc. Speech (parole) is the antithesis, or, rather, correlative, of language system: language system is the social aspect of language, whereas speech is the utterance, the actual practice, of a lan ´ xiii xiv A NOTE ON TERMINOLOGY guage system. (See de Saussure, Course, pp. 7-17.) 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It increases employment in the timber industry and subsequently in related non-timberRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesCommunist Prison Camp 84 Computerized Exam 85 Decision Dilemmas 86 SKILL PRACTICE 89 Exercises for Improving Self-Awareness Through Self-Disclosure 89 Through the Looking Glass 89 Diagnosing Managerial Characteristics 90 An Exercise for Identifying Aspects of Personal Culture: A Learnin g Plan and Autobiography 92 SKILL APPLICATION 95 Activities for Developing Self-Awareness 95 Suggested Assignments 95 Application Plan and Evaluation 95 SCORING KEYS AND COMPARISON DATA 97 Self-Awareness Assessment 97Read More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesbetween iron deï ¬ ciency and the length of time that a child is bottle-fed. They found that children who were bottle-fed between the ages of 2 and 4 were three times more likely to be iron deï ¬ cient than those who stopped by the time they were 1 year old. (Milwaukee Journal Sentinel and San Luis Obispo Tribune, November 26, 2005) Parental involvement in schools is often regarded as an important factor in student achievement. However, data from a study of low-income public schools in California led researchersRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesShould You Use Group Peer Pressure? 294 Point/Counterpoint Affinity Groups Fuel Business Success 298 Questions for Review 297 Experiential Exercise Wilderness Survival 299 Ethical Dilemma Is Social Loafing Shirking? 300 Case Incident 1 Negative Aspects of Collaboration? 300 Case Incident 2 Herd Behavior and the Housing Bubble (and Collapse) 301 CONTENTS xiii 10 Understanding Work Teams 307 Why Have Teams Become So Popular? 308 Differences Between Groups and Teams 309 Types of

A Study On Annan Academy s Geography Class - 1741 Words

Carlisle is the only city in Cumbria, automatically making it the administrative centre of the county. Other than administration, Carlisle has several other areas in which its activities are focused, such as tourism, shopping, and education. These areas are known as settlement functions. Functions tend to change and develop as a city grows over the years. Carlisle is a successful city, but whether or not this is due to its changing functions is debatable. Annan Academy’s Geography class went to Carlisle in September 2015 to obtain primary research data of the city’s geographical issues. Method 1 In order to figure out some of the current main functions of Carlisle, the first research method used for this report was two RICEPOTS surveys of different areas in Carlisle – the CBD (the square near the Tourist Information Centre) and the area from West Tower Street to Corporation Road. These areas were chosen to display a contrast in the land usage of two areas of Carlisle which are close together. The RICEPOTS surveys were completed by walking around the areas and annotating a map with the purpose of each building in the area. Once both maps were annotated, the information was put into a table before being compiled into a comparative bar graph (see: Graph 1). The results show that West Tower Street to Corporation Road is largely residential, with 35 terraced houses, and that the square near the Tourist Information Centre is largely commercial with 47 specialist shopsShow MoreRelatedZara Business Case15365 Words   |  62 Pages____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ HBS Professor Pankaj Ghemawat and IESE Professor Josà © Luis Nueno prepared this case. HBS cases are developed solely as the basis for class discussion. Cases are not intended to serve as endorsements, sources of primary data, or illustrations of effective or ineffective management. Copyright  © 2003 President and Fellows of Harvard College. To order copies or request permission to reproduceRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesmigration numbers is a challenging task. Records of long-distance migration are much more readily available than of short-distance and domestic migrations. But even many long-distance moves—such as those by ship passengers not traveling in third class or steerage—were not categorized as migration. Others were not recorded at all. In some cases, authorities did not have the interest or capacity to keep semiaccurate records; in others, migrants purpose- WORLD MIGRATION IN THE LONG TWENTIETH

The Scientific Method for Falsifiable Testing - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theThe Scientific Method for Falsifiable Testing Procedures. Answer: Introduction The scientific method is the name given to a series of procedures for obtaining new knowledge or updating existing knowledge about the varied phenomena which typically involves empirical and measurable or verifiable source of observation. The father of scientific methodology is said by some to be the Arab polymath Ibn al-Haytham who first argued the importance of questioning phenomena and validating them through formally testing them. The principal steps involved in the scientific method are:(i)detailed observation of events or phenomena, (ii) asking relevant questions about the cause and/or effect of the phenomena, (iii) formulating testable hypotheses based on the observations (iv) develop testable predictions based on the hypotheses framed (v) testing the validity of the predictions using empirical and falsifiable testing procedures (vi) formulating effective theories, if the tests in the previous step are positive/ reformulate hypiotheses and predictions and retest those. Thus, w e see that scientific method is more of a cyclic and continuous process over time.(Science Made Simple. 2016). The scientific method, at least since the time of Galileo, has produced innumerable advancements in human knowledge and thinking, the fruits of which we are enjoying at the present moment. In this project, though, we look and critique at the scientific method with reference to the statistical perspective in a typical experimental setup, taking a published journal article for our reference. T-Test, Anova And Regression Analysis The three most prominent statistical terms that are being used in practice in statistical analyses, and are being critically examined with respect to their application in this report are: the t-test, analysis of variance(ANOVA) and regression analysis. It is important to know the details of these three terms before we try to critique the journal article. In a sense, all the three terms can be included under the broad category of regression analysis, which is used to compare the statistical difference between two or more different samples or variables.(Paret, M., 2016) , (Lomax, R. G. 2007)Typically, the analysis is used to find out the relationship(s) between one dependent and one or more independent variables in a population. In regression analysis, the dependent variable is assumed to be a function of the independent variables with respect to certain parameters, the number of which depends of the type of regression we use, like linear or non-linear or multilinear. In mathematical t erminology, we can say that regression analysis hinges on two things: (i)Correlation, or the problem of finding the form of the function where where is the dependent variable and are dependent variables, being the parameters which is usually determined in linear and general linear cases by a factor known as correlation coefficent which is a ratio of product of covariances(deviation from means) to the product of standard deviations In this step, an additional terminology used is the error in prediction, denoted by which is minimized by a method commonly known as method of least squares. (ii) The testing of statistical significance of the above estimated function by calculating the conditional probability of the model being false and comparing the obtained value with that of a known standard probability distribution. Two additional terminologies used in this step are the null and alternative hypothesis. The null hypothesis is the assumption that the dependency of the dependent variable on the independent variable is not real but accidental and the alternative hypothesis is that the dependency is actual. In this context, the two most widely used probability distributions are the t-distribution and F-distribution. When the t-distribution is used, the statistical test is said to be a t-test, and when the F-distribution is used, the test is said to be an F-test. The analysis of variance(ANOVA) is determining the interdependence and statistical difference between a set of more than two variables using an F-test applied to the ratio of variance between the group of interdependent variables and variance within of group of variables. Note that the statistical tests like t-test and F-test are not limited only to regression analysis, rather can also be performed on sample statistics which are assumed to follow the Students-t or Snedecor-F distribution.(NLREG., 2017), (Montgomery, D. C. 2012) In addition, for the analysis that we will use in this article, we also need some terminology from the sampling theory. The most common sampling methods used in experiments are: simple random sampling, stratified random sampling and multistage random sampling. In simple random sampling, each and every unit in the population is equally likely to be a part of the sample chosen. In stratified random sampling, the population is stratified, or classified beforehand into strata or classes based on certain parameters and then, the sample is constructed by simple random sampling from amongst the strata. In multistage random sampling, the sample is chosen in multiple steps. This type of sampling is quite useful in cases where location based sampling is essential. In this type of sampling the population is first divided into regions from which the first simple random sampling is done. The second stage consists of simple random sampling from dividing the hitherto divided regions into further sm aller regions, and so on. Thus, in this type of sampling, we are more localising the population to be sampled.(Yale University ., 2017) the article chosen for critical analysis The article that is chosen for this critical report is Pandey, M., Singh, J., Mangal, G., Yadav, P.,(2014),Evaluation of awareness regarding orthodontic procedures among a group of preadolescents in a cross-sectional study, Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry,4(1),44-47. The article is an open access article, available on PubMed Central with PMCID:PMC4015160. In the article, statistical analysis is done regarding the awareness and know-how of orthodontic and other dental procedures among a group of preadolescents from rural and urban areas in Bilaspur district, Chattisgarh State, India. The objective of the paper says that the study was conducted as there was a high prevalence of malocclusion, which is a dental anomaly characterized by large abnormalities in the tooth position. The method employed by the authors of the paper was a cross-sectional study of about 1010 subjects(students) with average age somewhere around 13.02 years with standard devia tion of 2.1 years using a questionnaire consisting of questions pertaining know how of orthodontical procedures. The questionnaire was validated by using a pilot study consisting of nine items. Finally, to test the statistical significance, t-test and ANAOVA were conducteed at a significance level of 0.05. The broad results of the study were that students aged 14 years were more aware than other students, that girl students were significantly more aware of the orthodontic procedures and that students from urban background were similarly more aware than their rural counterparts. The Experimental Design Used In The Article The method of design of the study used by the authors requires some mention. The Methods section of the article says that first, an epidemological survey was taken in the Bilaspur district during the period between September and December, 2013; and then later a multistage random sampling was done to select six schools consisting of three in urban and three in rural areas in the same district. We see that preliminary epidemological survey, done in this case is quite important, as it helps to determine the local variations amongst the population effectively. Sampling before assessing the local properties of the population may lead to enormous difficulties in proper data sampling and may even lead to biased sample. The next thing we note is the use of multistage random sampling to select the six schools. Note that this is a very crucial part of the reseearch. If simple random sampling or, stratified random sampling would have been made, there could have been drastic changes in the resul t. We note that the method adopted by the authors is well suited to the purpose, as the population that is used to study is a very large one, and simple random sampling could be representative of a very small part of population. Stratified sampling, though better than simple random sampling in this case, gives the problem of stratification of the population, which is another complex issue having various parameters. Thus, the via media solution is to employ multistage random sampling that effectively tries to capture the population of Bilaspur district. We also note that a dual stratification has also been done by the authors by including equal samples from urban and rural areas. This is because, the urban students, having good access to modern information, may be well equipped with orthodontic procedures, whereas, those with a rural background may not be as aware as their urban counterparts. Thus, to ensure evenness, equal samples were selected from both the urban and rural areas. W e also note that pilot study was conducted to validate the questionnaire beforehand. Pilot study is a small scale reliability test of the sample to evaluate the feasibility, time, cost, adverse events, and statistical variability of the sample. This is quite essential, because, in spite of the precautions taken while choosing the sample, like multistage sampling and stratification into urban and rural parts, it may so happen that the sample is thoroughly biased, for example, it may so happen that a particular school chosen may be the only one where the students are exceptionally educated as regards dental procedures due to the fact of there being a qualified dentist and better infrastructural facility in the school and hence report to the questionnaire more faithfully and correctly in comparison with other schools, where the students may just randomly guess the answer to questionnaires based on their whims and fancies. To ensure fairness, a pilot study is essential before embarking to the full detailed questionnaire. The article states that the intra-examiner reliability factor, =0.87. We note that there is a good intra-examiner reliability, as the cohens kappa is close to 1.(Sapiens 2010). Now, the authors state that after the pilot study was performed amongst the chosen samples, the main sample was chosen excluding those undergoing orthodontic treatments. This latter step is added to ensure unbiasedness, as those students would be naturally more aware of orthodontic procedures. Statistical Analysis Used In The Article The article states that after the questionnaire was successfully answered by the volunteer students, the statistical analysis of the scored data was done using SPSS 16.0 software. The details that were recorded were descriptive statistics including mean percentage scores, standard deviations, frequency scores, students t-test and ANOVA to test the statistical significance of means, and finally multiple linear regression. Here, we note the authors are using a complete approach to statistically analysing the data. The descriptive statistics are as much important to analyse the data as much as the quantitative tests used. The descriptive statistics proivide us a qualitative description of the data, which is quite useful to understand a priori as to which statistical test to apply to investigate the data more thoroughly. Now, we see the results obtained. We see that amongst the 1010 students selected for the study, 556 were boys and 454 were girls, 606 were from urban areas and 404 from rural areas and the ages varied from 12 to 15 years. We observe that here the dependent variable is the nominal binary awareness of the orthodontic procedure, whereas the independent variables are age, location(urban/rural) and gender. From Table1 in the article, we can also find out that the number of 12 year olds is 254, 13 year olds 200, 14 year olds 252 and 15 year olds 304. Thus, we see that there are roughly equal proportion of students in each of subcategories of each of the independent variables. Thus, the sample chosen is well suited to the variables chosen. The study also revelead that the overall awareness of orthodontic procedures among the students is about 45.1%. The mean scores of awareness of orthodontic procedures amongst girls(4.46) with a standard deviation of 1.71 was found to be significantly higher than that of boys (4.00) with standard deviation of 1.489 using t-test. We need to understand here that the awareness as a whole gave a rough account of know how of the orthodontic procedures among the students, whereas the mean scores calculated on the basis of grouping the sample gives us a better command over the distinction of the same over the various sub-categories of the sample. In addition, the t-test also gives us conclusive evidence that the mean scores are significantly different and not due to pure chance alone, which is seen from Table 2 in the article, where p-value is seen to be 0. Though theoretically p-value cannot be equal to 0, but the zero value is indicative of a very low value in the SPSS software. What this implies in the context of t-test is that the probability of the difference of means of the two subcategories in the sample(boys and girls in case of Table 2) being zero assuming the null hypothesis that they are equal is close to zero. We need to note that the level of significance of the test, or the threshold value of the value of Students-t distribution chosen before the study began was 0.05. But, the observed value of probability is found to be close to 0, which is indicative that the original assumption of the null hypothesis that the means of the genders are equal is false and needs to be rejected. This simple test shows the power of statistical logic, which is not to be obtained in a casual prima facie study. Similarly, the t-test applied to subcategories according to location gave significant difference amongst the mean scores in urban(4.43 with standard deviation 1.606) and rural locations(4.00 with a standard deviation 1.578), with a p-value close to zero or exactly zero in the SPSS software. The next observation in the results section we need to consider is the ANOVA table. Here, in addition to the p-value, we have additional column showing the F-value. What the F-value actually shows is the ratio of between the group variances(the age groups in Table 1) and within the group variances(variance of awareness in a single age group). We see that if the null hypothesis that the mean of the groups according to ages are equal, which is assumed, were true, then the between the group variances would be dominated by or equal to the within the group variances, thus giving us an F-value of close to 1 or less than 1. But, that this is not the case is shown by the high value of F-value in all the four subcategories of age parameter, being well above 1 in all the four cases(seen to be 57.61, 81.48, 69.21, 51.81 respectively for 12, 13, 14 and 15 year olds). This, combined with the p-values being close to zero, proves the significance of the difference in the mean scores of the different age groups between different, with the observed mean score of 5.20 with a standard deviation of 0.747 for 14 year olds to be the highest . The last analysis we take up is the regression analysis between the three different variables of age, location and gender. We note that the t-test is a subset of F-test(ANOVA) in the two dimensional case, or in other words, when we compare only two variables or subgroups within a sample, the F-test is nothing but the t-test as, the Snedecor-F distribution with 1 degree of freedom is the Students-t distribution. Again, the ANAOVA is nothing but the regression analysis of the variances. Thus, in ANOVA and t-tests done, the authors compared the subcategories in the independent variables of Age(12 to 15 year olds), Gender(Boys and Girls) and Location(Urban and Rural), in the final regression analysis they are comparing the mean scores in the three main categories of variables themselves. Thus, ANOAVA and t-tests were a regression analysis done on the subcategories within the independent variables. In the regression analysis, we find that age, gender and location, in that order of preference affect the dependent variable of awareness of orthodontic procedures. This is ensured by comparing the value, which is nothing but the multiple correlation coefficient computed by taking into account the individual correlation coefficients involving the individual independent variables with the dependent variable as in a correlation matrix. The scores obtained keeping only age constant is less than that obtained keeping both age and gender constant which is less than that obtained keeping all the three constant. The F-values being significantly greater than 1, and p-values being close to zero, gives us the validity of the differential effect of the three independent variables on the dependent variable. Conclusion And Summary We see that the authors of the journal article have made a thorough statistical analysis of the awraeness of orthodontic procedures amongst the student in an attempt to better understand the prevalence of malocclusion. The way the sample was chosen, the way the validation was conducted, the statistical analyses conducted and the results and conclusions drawn, were, from a statistical and analytical perspective, quite appreciable. But, as in statistics, there are bound to errors in the study. The first error might have crept in from the choice of schools and the volunteers that participated. In spite of wisdom in sampling and conducting the pilot study, there might have been biases in the selection of schools due to political, or, similar reasons, like better infrastructure in schools and enthusiasm in students. It might be the case that within the group variances in the ANOVA and regression analyses be very small and insignificant as compared to the between group variances just becau se of the reason that the volunteers were of a homogenous nature, thus giving ahigh F-value, in spite of there being no significant difference in the means. Again, this has to do with sample selection. We think that it might have improved the statistical analysis if two way ANOVA be done to improve the test and an ANOCOVA(Analysis of Covariance) be performed. (Kass, R. E . 1 February 2011). Overall, the study made by authors can be a suitable model which could be implemented in statistical studies. References Pandey, M., Singh, J., Mangal, G., Yadav, P.,(2014),Evaluation of awareness regarding orthodontic procedures among a group of preadolescents in a cross-sectional study, Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry,4(1),44-47. Kass, R. E (1 February 2011). "Statistical inference: The big picture". Statistical Science. Institute of Mathematical Statistics. 26 (1): 19. Montgomery, D. C.(2012). Design and analysis of experiments (8th Ed.). John Wiley Sons. Science Made Simple(2016),The Scientific Method,[ONLINE] Available at https://www.sciencemadesimple.com/scientific_method.html [Accessed 16/10/2017] Frost, J. (2016), Understanding Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the F-test,[ONLINE] .Avilable at https://blog.minitab.com/blog/adventures-in-statistics-2/understanding-analysis-of-variance-anova-and-the-f-test[Accessed 16/10/2017] NLREG. (2017), Understanding the Results of an Analysis,[ONLINE] Available at https://www.nlreg.com/results.htm [Acccessed 16/10/2017] Sapiens(2010).Action without change? On the use and usefulness of pilot experiments in environmental management [ONLINE] Available at https://sapiens.revues.org/979 [Accessed 16/10/2017] Paret, M., (2016), Regression versus ANOVA: Which Tool to Use When, [ONLINE] Available at https://blog.minitab.com/blog/michelle-paret/regression-versus-anova%3A-which-tool-to-use-when [Accessed 16/10/2017] Lomax, R. G. (2007). Statistical Concepts: A Second Course. p.10. McLugh, M.L. (2012), Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic, Biochem Med (Zagreb). 2012 Oct; 22(3): 276282. Yale University (2017), Sampling, [ONLINE] Available at https://www.stat.yale.edu/Courses/1997-98/101/sample.htm [Accessed 16/10/2017]

Peaceable Kingdoms by Michael Zuckerman free essay sample

A review of Peaceable Kingdoms by historian Michael Zuckerman, describing the life of a community in Puritan New England in the eighteenth century. The paper reviews Peaceful Kingdoms showing the importance of the town meeting and other influences of the community in Puritan New England that kept the peace and served as government, police, and voice of the community. Zuckerman first discusses the pre-eminence of the local community in provincial Massachusetts and how the community was shaped by the doctrine of congregational autonomy. He describes how these villages were settled and the form they took contributed to the development of a variety of institutions that we now identify as uniquely American, including the American version of democracy, the primacy of peace as a goal, and American capitalism. Zuckerman describes these communities, the life in them, the nature of the family, the modes of commerce of the time, and especially the decision-making processes in the community and how the people influenced one another in town meetings in order to get things done. We will write a custom essay sample on Peaceable Kingdoms by Michael Zuckerman or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Environmental impact from meat based diets

Negative Environmental Impact of a Meat-Based Diet The production of beef along with other animal protein tends to consume a lot of our natural resources including fossil fuels, water, and topsoil. At the same time, there is a resultant pollution of natural resources (Baroni et al, 2006).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental impact from meat based diets specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The depletion of our natural resources is the greatest negative environmental impact of a meat-based diet. It is estimated that there are approximately 17 billion livestock in the world, and this translates into about three time the number of the world population. In order to raise this large number of animals, we need a lot of water to irrigate the hay and grains fed to these animals. The Water Education Foundation estimates that in order to produce a single pound of beef in the state of California, we require about 2,464 gallons of water. On the other hand, the production of one pound of beef only requires 25 gallons of water. The United States Geological Survey estimates that there is a drastic drop in water tables across the world. The Survey also estimates that in 2000, 40 percent of all the fresh water that was consumed in the United States was used to irrigate livestock feed. Besides water, other natural resources that get depleted by raising livestock include topsoil and fossil fuels. A study that was carried out by researcher from Cornell University revealed that in order to produce a single calorie of protein from feedlot beef, we require 40 calories of fossil fuel. On the other hand, in order to produce a single calorie of protein from tofu, we only need two calories of fossil fuel. Another important natural resource that gets depleted by producing meat base diets is the topsoil. Corn and soybeans are the main grains fed to livestock. A lot of soil erosion occurs during their production si nce these crops have to be grown in rows. Because of the presence of bare patches between rows of soybeans and corn, the topsoil gets exposed to both rain and wind erosion. The study at Cornell University that was headed by David Pimentel calculated that about half of the topsoil in Iowa has already been lost as a result of farming activities that have taken place in the state for the last 100 years (Pimentel Pimentel, 2008). The study further estimated that every year, nearly 7 billion tons of topsoil is lost. The rainforest is also under threat owing to the increased production of livestock. The Nature Conservancy estimates that nearly the size of a football field of rainforest gets destroyed every day (Pimentel Pimentel, 2003). A lot of the forestland is normally cut down to create room for farming and livestock rearing, and such produce exported to the United States. The sad thing is that this threatens the lives of hundreds of insect, plant, and bird species. Different plant species are also under threat.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, the production of meat based diets pollutes our air and water. For example, these animals produce a lot of urine and manure, and this then pollutes natural resources. Animal wastes contaminate the air and changes the PH of water, while the gasses emitted by such wastes are thought to contribute greatly to global warming. In a bid to get rid of these wastes, a lot of farmers report to spraying it to nearby fields as fertiliser (Baroni et al, 2006). Not only is this practice expensive, but it is not also the most ideal nutrient balance for crop production. In addition, there is the risk of spreading disease carried by such wastes to humans. Other farmers make use of manure lagoons thinking that this is a safe method of storing the animal waste. However, research show that such lagoons are not actually safe. For example, in 1995, a hog farm spilled some 25 million gallons of urine and manure into the New River in North Carolina. As a result, more than 10 million fish were killed instantly resulting in the closure of shell fishing that affected a coastal wetland of 264,000 acres. In addition, a 7,000 square mile termed as a â€Å"dead zone† in the Gulf of Mexico no longer supports aquatic life as a result of pollution from chemical fertilisers and animal waste (Pimentel Pimentel, 2008). Also, the waste released from factory farms emits such harmful gases as methane, hydrogen sulphide, and ammonia, in addition to particles and clouds of dust. All these harmful substances pollute our air. Methane is by far the most dangerous gas released from the production of meat based diets. In fact, the global meat industry is thought to release more than 100 million tons of methane gas every year. Methane gas impacts negatively on the environment by trapping heat in the atmosphere, thereby res ulting in an increase in global temperatures. Solution is plant based and benefits of plant based diets Even as enhanced agricultural practices helps to reduce environmental impact of the food industry, nonetheless, we should not neglect the contribution made by changing our dietary choices from meat based diets to plant based diets. Available data appears to suggest that plant based diets are more beneficial to the environment than meat based diets (Reijnders Soret, 2003). For example, growing of food requires less land in comparison with a meat based diet. Consequently, a lot of land is freed, and can be sued to support the agricultural needs of less fortunate people. In their June 2010 report, The United Nations Environmental Program stated that we could only hope to significantly reduce the negative impacts of meat based diets to the environment by switching to a plant based diet (UNEP, 2010). This is an important consideration because the world population is set to reach the 9 .2 billion mark by 2050.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental impact from meat based diets specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More If we let the number of animals to increase in tandem with the increase in human population, a lot of forest land shall be cleared to pave way for the cultivation of livestock fodder. This means that will be forced to encroach on land that would have otherwise been used to settle the increase in global population and to cater for their farming needs as well. In addition, a switch from animal based diet to a plant based diet means that there shall be less demand for animal products (Pimentel Pimentel, 2003). Consequently, a lot of farmers will have to reduce the acreage set aside for growing livestock fodder. At the same time, the number of livestock shall also reduce drastically. As a result of an elimination of animal products, we shall move a step closer towards lowering global emission, and in effect helping to cool the planet. This is because the livestock industry contributes significantly towards global warming and pollution by releasing vast amounts of toxic gases to the atmosphere. In addition, we need to remember that the meat industry released vast amounts of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere through deforestation as we try to create livestock fields (Reijnders Soret, 2003). Furthermore, the actual process of meat production and transport also emits tones of carbon dioxide, and hence a major source of pollution. As such, shifting to plant based diets will go a long way towards reducing environmental pollution. By embracing a plant based diet, you will have made the first step towards reducing your carbon footprint. The livestock industry is believed to emit vast amounts of greenhouse gasses (18%), more than even the transport system in the entire world (13.5 %). In addition, plant based diets will also help us to save our water resources. Growing v egetables, pulses and grains requires very little water, while producing a kilo of beef requires thousands of liters of water. We can also save the aquatic lives in rivers and lakes from antibiotics, hormones, and manure released from livestock waste. Moreover, we are likely to save land, seeing that livestock production accounts for nearly 70 percent of the deforestation at the Amazon. According to Goodland, if the world meat consumption was to reduce by just a %, we could achieve a similar effect to investing $ 3 trillion in solar energy (2010, p. 51). Livestock emits a lot of methane whose global warming potential is 25 times worse in comparison with carbon dioxide. The United States has devoted between 80 and 90 percent of all its agricultural land to livestock production. By shifting from a meat based diet to a plant based diet, a lot of this land shall be freed to other agricultural practices that do not have a lot of negative impacts on the environment. Reference List Baroni, L., Cenci, L., Tettamanti, M., Berati, M. (2006). Evaluating the environmental impact of various dietary patterns combined with different food production systems.  European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1–8.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Goodland, R. (2010). The Overlooked Climate Solution. Journal of Human Security,  6(3), 50-60. Pimentel, D., Pimentel, M. (2003). Sustainability of meat-based and plant-based diets and the environment. Am J Clin Nutr, 78, 660S–663S. Pimentel, D., Pimentel, M. (2008). Food, Energy, and Society. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2008. Reijnders, L., Soret, S. (2003). Quantification of the environmental impact of different dietary protein choices. Am J Clin Nutr, 78, 664S–668S. UNEP. (2010). Assessing the Environmental Impacts of Consumption and Production:  Priority Products and Materials. United Nations Environmental Programme. Available from https://www.unenvironment.org/ This essay on Environmental impact from meat based diets was written and submitted by user Pa1ge to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Facism

Fascism â€Å"Fascism, capitalized this term refers to the authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922-1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini (The American Fascism).† Fascism is a form of politics that first arose in the early part of the twentieth-century, in Europe. It was a response to the rapid social upheaval, the devastation of World War I, and the Bolshevik Revolution. Fascism is a system of government the advocates or exercises a dictatorship of the extreme right, typically through the merging of state and business leadership, together with an ideology of nationalism. Fascism approaches politics in two central areas, populist and elitist. Populist in that it seeks to activate "the people" as a whole against groups of people with different beliefs or enemies and to create a nation of unity. The elitist approach treats as putting the people’s will on one select group, or most often one supreme leader called El Duce, from whom all power proceeds downward. The two most recognized names that go along with Fascism are Italy’s Benito Mussolini and Germany’s Adolf Hitler. The philosophy of Fasci sm can be traced to the philosophers who argue that the will is prior to and superior to the intellect or reason. George Sorel, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Georg Hegal are philosophers whose beliefs and ideas greatly influenced the shaping of Fascist theory. Sorel , a French social philosopher had a major influence on Mussolini. Sorel believed that societies usually became decayed and disorganized. This decay could only be slowed by the leadership of idealists who were willing to use violence to obtain power. Nietzsches’ (1844-1900) theory was that there were two moral codes: the ruling class ( master morality) and the oppressed class (slave morality). Nietzsche believed the ancient empires were developed from the master majority and the religious ideas and views grew out the slave majority. The idea of the "o... Facism Free Essays on Nazism/Facism Fascism â€Å"Fascism, capitalized this term refers to the authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922-1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini (The American Fascism).† Fascism is a form of politics that first arose in the early part of the twentieth-century, in Europe. It was a response to the rapid social upheaval, the devastation of World War I, and the Bolshevik Revolution. Fascism is a system of government the advocates or exercises a dictatorship of the extreme right, typically through the merging of state and business leadership, together with an ideology of nationalism. Fascism approaches politics in two central areas, populist and elitist. Populist in that it seeks to activate "the people" as a whole against groups of people with different beliefs or enemies and to create a nation of unity. The elitist approach treats as putting the people’s will on one select group, or most often one supreme leader called El Duce, from whom all power proceeds downward. The two most recognized names that go along with Fascism are Italy’s Benito Mussolini and Germany’s Adolf Hitler. The philosophy of Fasci sm can be traced to the philosophers who argue that the will is prior to and superior to the intellect or reason. George Sorel, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Georg Hegal are philosophers whose beliefs and ideas greatly influenced the shaping of Fascist theory. Sorel , a French social philosopher had a major influence on Mussolini. Sorel believed that societies usually became decayed and disorganized. This decay could only be slowed by the leadership of idealists who were willing to use violence to obtain power. Nietzsches’ (1844-1900) theory was that there were two moral codes: the ruling class ( master morality) and the oppressed class (slave morality). Nietzsche believed the ancient empires were developed from the master majority and the religious ideas and views grew out the slave majority. The idea of the "o...

Compare and contrast learning to ride a bike versus learning to drive Essay

Compare and contrast learning to ride a bike versus learning to drive a car - Essay Example Riding a bike may be perceived to be a hard art because of the techniques that an individual requires to maintain balance. Thus, it will require the learner to engage in riding a bike a number of times with failures and success to be able to acquire the skills required. Similarly, learning to drive will require practice in which the learner will have to drive a car with the help of an instructor to be able to get used on how to engage the various components that are related to the moving mechanism of a car. Remarkably, both learning to ride a bike and drive a car are arts that are perfected through experience. Even after getting the knowledge to ride a bike, it is often likely that an individual will have to keep on engaging in the art to ensure that all the techniques acquired are perfected. It becomes an art because a learner has to know each component of the bike and their operation in certain circumstances while riding. This also applies to learning how to drive a car, which is more of gaining the experience rather than just learning the basics of its mechanism. It also becomes an art because a learner will have to master each of the car’s components and their application during driving. Both experiences happen once in an individual’s life though a person may decide to engage in lessons that will act as reminders in few cases. Once an individual is well acquitted with the skills necessary to ride a bike, gets experience and perfects the art, it will not be necessary for an individual to get involved in other learning process unless she/he would like to participate in specialized riding skills applicable in sports. Likewise, this applies to learning to drive a car because once a learner has passed the driving test and has been issued with a driving licence, there is no need to further engage in the learning process. Learning to drive a car differs with learning to ride a bike in