Psychosocial Aspects of the Old Man and the Sea - 6923 Words

Psychosocially therapeutic aspects of The old Man and the Sea This exceptional story should be used as a therapeutic aid for hopeless and depressed people who needed a powerful force for continuing struggles of life against fate. They should say as the boy Manolin, Ill bring the luck by myself. In the story the old man tells us It is silly not to hope...besides I believe it is a sin. Hemingway draws a distinction between two different types of success: outer-material and inner-spiritual. While the old man lacks the former, the importance of this lack is eclipsed by his possession of the later. He teaches all people the triumph of indefatigable spirit over exhaustible resources. Hemingways hero as a perfectionist man tells us: To be†¦show more content†¦Manolin says, It was Papa made me leave. I am a boy and I must obey him, to which Santiago replies, I know....It is quite normal. He hasnt much faith . Despite the clear hierarchy of this teacher/student relationship, Santiago does stress his equality with the boy. When Manolin asks to buy the old man a beer, Santiago replies, Why not?...Between fisherman. And when Manolin asks to help Santiago with his fishing, Santiago replies, You are already a man . By demonstrating that Santiago has little more to teach the boy, this equality foreshadows the impending separation of the two friends, and also indicates that this will not be a story about a young boy learning from an old man, but a story of an old man learning the unique lessons of the autumn of life. In fact unity us one of main themes of the story.Hemingway spends a good deal of time drawing connections between Santiago and his natural environment: the fish, birds, and stars are all his brothers or friends, he has the heart of a turtle, eats turtle eggs for strength, drinks shark liver oil for health, etc. Also, apparently contradictory elements are repeatedly shown as aspects of one unified whole: the sea is both kind and cruel, feminine and masculine, the Portuguese man of war is beautiful but deadly, the mako shark is noble but a cruel, etc. The novellas premise of unity helps succor Santiago in the midst of his greatShow MoreRelatedAutobiography of My Father5028 Words   |  21 PagesErnest was in his 30-an. He returned to his old position with Department of Fisheries in Malaysia and continues worked for the department for nine years until 1990. Later he joined Underwater World Singapore, Sentosa as an Assistant Curator cum Education Manager. Then, one day, on a church serv ice, he met Amy, a beautician. Her sincerity and optimistic complemented his quiet and conservative. Within two years they married and by the time, my dad was 35 years old. During the next four years, their twoRead MoreEffectiveness the Implementation of Peace and Order Ordinance at Barangayn7685 Words   |  31 Pagesand maximizing community participation? 2.) How do these academics perceive about the general image of the BPU in empowering the local people to propose and design program and projects for protection from potential risks or dangers during natural and man–made occurrences? 3.) How can we enhance local governance of the BPU in the Philippines by proposing PP?17 Masagca, J. T., Masagca, M. T. Chunxiang, M. (2009). Enhancing Governance of the Barangay: Reflections of Academics, JOAAG, Vol. 4. No.2 CertainRead MoreProceedings Of The Second Conference On Human Capital Development9482 Words   |  38 PagesKeynote Address Delivered at the opening session of the workshop organized by the Fortress Educational and Consultancy Services Ltd in collaboration with the Rivers State College of Arts and Science. Abstract The paper looks at the philosophical and psychosocial concepts of ‘self’ and how these concepts and definitions enable individual set developmental goals for organizational effectiveness. The main thrust is to create confidence in the organizational staff and to make them aware that their careerRead MoreA Project on Industrial Relations and Labour Welfare16776 Words   |  68 Pagespromotion of a systematic exchange of information and good practices with regard to specific national/regional approaches, moreover stimulating mutual learning processes on strategies and contents of the programmes, which may include a broad range of aspects. Special attention will be paid to the societal context of work life development policies. It is also necessary to identify current RD-cultures and climates of innovative initiatives and policies. Considering this background, the Stockholm workshopsRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pagesin stances of language system (langue): French, English, Urdu, but in addition, those other languages of chess, of heraldry, of computers, etc. Speech (parole) is the antithesis, or, rather, correlative, of language system: language system is the social aspect of language, whereas speech is the utterance, the actual practice, of a lan ´ xiii xiv A NOTE ON TERMINOLOGY guage system. (See de Saussure, Course, pp. 7-17.) 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It increases employment in the timber industry and subsequently in related non-timberRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesCommunist Prison Camp 84 Computerized Exam 85 Decision Dilemmas 86 SKILL PRACTICE 89 Exercises for Improving Self-Awareness Through Self-Disclosure 89 Through the Looking Glass 89 Diagnosing Managerial Characteristics 90 An Exercise for Identifying Aspects of Personal Culture: A Learnin g Plan and Autobiography 92 SKILL APPLICATION 95 Activities for Developing Self-Awareness 95 Suggested Assignments 95 Application Plan and Evaluation 95 SCORING KEYS AND COMPARISON DATA 97 Self-Awareness Assessment 97Read More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesbetween iron deï ¬ ciency and the length of time that a child is bottle-fed. They found that children who were bottle-fed between the ages of 2 and 4 were three times more likely to be iron deï ¬ cient than those who stopped by the time they were 1 year old. (Milwaukee Journal Sentinel and San Luis Obispo Tribune, November 26, 2005) Parental involvement in schools is often regarded as an important factor in student achievement. However, data from a study of low-income public schools in California led researchersRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesShould You Use Group Peer Pressure? 294 Point/Counterpoint Affinity Groups Fuel Business Success 298 Questions for Review 297 Experiential Exercise Wilderness Survival 299 Ethical Dilemma Is Social Loafing Shirking? 300 Case Incident 1 Negative Aspects of Collaboration? 300 Case Incident 2 Herd Behavior and the Housing Bubble (and Collapse) 301 CONTENTS xiii 10 Understanding Work Teams 307 Why Have Teams Become So Popular? 308 Differences Between Groups and Teams 309 Types of

A Study On Annan Academy s Geography Class - 1741 Words

Carlisle is the only city in Cumbria, automatically making it the administrative centre of the county. Other than administration, Carlisle has several other areas in which its activities are focused, such as tourism, shopping, and education. These areas are known as settlement functions. Functions tend to change and develop as a city grows over the years. Carlisle is a successful city, but whether or not this is due to its changing functions is debatable. Annan Academy’s Geography class went to Carlisle in September 2015 to obtain primary research data of the city’s geographical issues. Method 1 In order to figure out some of the current main functions of Carlisle, the first research method used for this report was two RICEPOTS surveys of different areas in Carlisle – the CBD (the square near the Tourist Information Centre) and the area from West Tower Street to Corporation Road. These areas were chosen to display a contrast in the land usage of two areas of Carlisle which are close together. The RICEPOTS surveys were completed by walking around the areas and annotating a map with the purpose of each building in the area. Once both maps were annotated, the information was put into a table before being compiled into a comparative bar graph (see: Graph 1). The results show that West Tower Street to Corporation Road is largely residential, with 35 terraced houses, and that the square near the Tourist Information Centre is largely commercial with 47 specialist shopsShow MoreRelatedZara Business Case15365 Words   |  62 Pages____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ HBS Professor Pankaj Ghemawat and IESE Professor Josà © Luis Nueno prepared this case. HBS cases are developed solely as the basis for class discussion. Cases are not intended to serve as endorsements, sources of primary data, or illustrations of effective or ineffective management. Copyright  © 2003 President and Fellows of Harvard College. To order copies or request permission to reproduceRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesmigration numbers is a challenging task. Records of long-distance migration are much more readily available than of short-distance and domestic migrations. But even many long-distance moves—such as those by ship passengers not traveling in third class or steerage—were not categorized as migration. Others were not recorded at all. In some cases, authorities did not have the interest or capacity to keep semiaccurate records; in others, migrants purpose- WORLD MIGRATION IN THE LONG TWENTIETH

The Scientific Method for Falsifiable Testing - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theThe Scientific Method for Falsifiable Testing Procedures. Answer: Introduction The scientific method is the name given to a series of procedures for obtaining new knowledge or updating existing knowledge about the varied phenomena which typically involves empirical and measurable or verifiable source of observation. The father of scientific methodology is said by some to be the Arab polymath Ibn al-Haytham who first argued the importance of questioning phenomena and validating them through formally testing them. The principal steps involved in the scientific method are:(i)detailed observation of events or phenomena, (ii) asking relevant questions about the cause and/or effect of the phenomena, (iii) formulating testable hypotheses based on the observations (iv) develop testable predictions based on the hypotheses framed (v) testing the validity of the predictions using empirical and falsifiable testing procedures (vi) formulating effective theories, if the tests in the previous step are positive/ reformulate hypiotheses and predictions and retest those. Thus, w e see that scientific method is more of a cyclic and continuous process over time.(Science Made Simple. 2016). The scientific method, at least since the time of Galileo, has produced innumerable advancements in human knowledge and thinking, the fruits of which we are enjoying at the present moment. In this project, though, we look and critique at the scientific method with reference to the statistical perspective in a typical experimental setup, taking a published journal article for our reference. T-Test, Anova And Regression Analysis The three most prominent statistical terms that are being used in practice in statistical analyses, and are being critically examined with respect to their application in this report are: the t-test, analysis of variance(ANOVA) and regression analysis. It is important to know the details of these three terms before we try to critique the journal article. In a sense, all the three terms can be included under the broad category of regression analysis, which is used to compare the statistical difference between two or more different samples or variables.(Paret, M., 2016) , (Lomax, R. G. 2007)Typically, the analysis is used to find out the relationship(s) between one dependent and one or more independent variables in a population. In regression analysis, the dependent variable is assumed to be a function of the independent variables with respect to certain parameters, the number of which depends of the type of regression we use, like linear or non-linear or multilinear. In mathematical t erminology, we can say that regression analysis hinges on two things: (i)Correlation, or the problem of finding the form of the function where where is the dependent variable and are dependent variables, being the parameters which is usually determined in linear and general linear cases by a factor known as correlation coefficent which is a ratio of product of covariances(deviation from means) to the product of standard deviations In this step, an additional terminology used is the error in prediction, denoted by which is minimized by a method commonly known as method of least squares. (ii) The testing of statistical significance of the above estimated function by calculating the conditional probability of the model being false and comparing the obtained value with that of a known standard probability distribution. Two additional terminologies used in this step are the null and alternative hypothesis. The null hypothesis is the assumption that the dependency of the dependent variable on the independent variable is not real but accidental and the alternative hypothesis is that the dependency is actual. In this context, the two most widely used probability distributions are the t-distribution and F-distribution. When the t-distribution is used, the statistical test is said to be a t-test, and when the F-distribution is used, the test is said to be an F-test. The analysis of variance(ANOVA) is determining the interdependence and statistical difference between a set of more than two variables using an F-test applied to the ratio of variance between the group of interdependent variables and variance within of group of variables. Note that the statistical tests like t-test and F-test are not limited only to regression analysis, rather can also be performed on sample statistics which are assumed to follow the Students-t or Snedecor-F distribution.(NLREG., 2017), (Montgomery, D. C. 2012) In addition, for the analysis that we will use in this article, we also need some terminology from the sampling theory. The most common sampling methods used in experiments are: simple random sampling, stratified random sampling and multistage random sampling. In simple random sampling, each and every unit in the population is equally likely to be a part of the sample chosen. In stratified random sampling, the population is stratified, or classified beforehand into strata or classes based on certain parameters and then, the sample is constructed by simple random sampling from amongst the strata. In multistage random sampling, the sample is chosen in multiple steps. This type of sampling is quite useful in cases where location based sampling is essential. In this type of sampling the population is first divided into regions from which the first simple random sampling is done. The second stage consists of simple random sampling from dividing the hitherto divided regions into further sm aller regions, and so on. Thus, in this type of sampling, we are more localising the population to be sampled.(Yale University ., 2017) the article chosen for critical analysis The article that is chosen for this critical report is Pandey, M., Singh, J., Mangal, G., Yadav, P.,(2014),Evaluation of awareness regarding orthodontic procedures among a group of preadolescents in a cross-sectional study, Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry,4(1),44-47. The article is an open access article, available on PubMed Central with PMCID:PMC4015160. In the article, statistical analysis is done regarding the awareness and know-how of orthodontic and other dental procedures among a group of preadolescents from rural and urban areas in Bilaspur district, Chattisgarh State, India. The objective of the paper says that the study was conducted as there was a high prevalence of malocclusion, which is a dental anomaly characterized by large abnormalities in the tooth position. The method employed by the authors of the paper was a cross-sectional study of about 1010 subjects(students) with average age somewhere around 13.02 years with standard devia tion of 2.1 years using a questionnaire consisting of questions pertaining know how of orthodontical procedures. The questionnaire was validated by using a pilot study consisting of nine items. Finally, to test the statistical significance, t-test and ANAOVA were conducteed at a significance level of 0.05. The broad results of the study were that students aged 14 years were more aware than other students, that girl students were significantly more aware of the orthodontic procedures and that students from urban background were similarly more aware than their rural counterparts. The Experimental Design Used In The Article The method of design of the study used by the authors requires some mention. The Methods section of the article says that first, an epidemological survey was taken in the Bilaspur district during the period between September and December, 2013; and then later a multistage random sampling was done to select six schools consisting of three in urban and three in rural areas in the same district. We see that preliminary epidemological survey, done in this case is quite important, as it helps to determine the local variations amongst the population effectively. Sampling before assessing the local properties of the population may lead to enormous difficulties in proper data sampling and may even lead to biased sample. The next thing we note is the use of multistage random sampling to select the six schools. Note that this is a very crucial part of the reseearch. If simple random sampling or, stratified random sampling would have been made, there could have been drastic changes in the resul t. We note that the method adopted by the authors is well suited to the purpose, as the population that is used to study is a very large one, and simple random sampling could be representative of a very small part of population. Stratified sampling, though better than simple random sampling in this case, gives the problem of stratification of the population, which is another complex issue having various parameters. Thus, the via media solution is to employ multistage random sampling that effectively tries to capture the population of Bilaspur district. We also note that a dual stratification has also been done by the authors by including equal samples from urban and rural areas. This is because, the urban students, having good access to modern information, may be well equipped with orthodontic procedures, whereas, those with a rural background may not be as aware as their urban counterparts. Thus, to ensure evenness, equal samples were selected from both the urban and rural areas. W e also note that pilot study was conducted to validate the questionnaire beforehand. Pilot study is a small scale reliability test of the sample to evaluate the feasibility, time, cost, adverse events, and statistical variability of the sample. This is quite essential, because, in spite of the precautions taken while choosing the sample, like multistage sampling and stratification into urban and rural parts, it may so happen that the sample is thoroughly biased, for example, it may so happen that a particular school chosen may be the only one where the students are exceptionally educated as regards dental procedures due to the fact of there being a qualified dentist and better infrastructural facility in the school and hence report to the questionnaire more faithfully and correctly in comparison with other schools, where the students may just randomly guess the answer to questionnaires based on their whims and fancies. To ensure fairness, a pilot study is essential before embarking to the full detailed questionnaire. The article states that the intra-examiner reliability factor, =0.87. We note that there is a good intra-examiner reliability, as the cohens kappa is close to 1.(Sapiens 2010). Now, the authors state that after the pilot study was performed amongst the chosen samples, the main sample was chosen excluding those undergoing orthodontic treatments. This latter step is added to ensure unbiasedness, as those students would be naturally more aware of orthodontic procedures. Statistical Analysis Used In The Article The article states that after the questionnaire was successfully answered by the volunteer students, the statistical analysis of the scored data was done using SPSS 16.0 software. The details that were recorded were descriptive statistics including mean percentage scores, standard deviations, frequency scores, students t-test and ANOVA to test the statistical significance of means, and finally multiple linear regression. Here, we note the authors are using a complete approach to statistically analysing the data. The descriptive statistics are as much important to analyse the data as much as the quantitative tests used. The descriptive statistics proivide us a qualitative description of the data, which is quite useful to understand a priori as to which statistical test to apply to investigate the data more thoroughly. Now, we see the results obtained. We see that amongst the 1010 students selected for the study, 556 were boys and 454 were girls, 606 were from urban areas and 404 from rural areas and the ages varied from 12 to 15 years. We observe that here the dependent variable is the nominal binary awareness of the orthodontic procedure, whereas the independent variables are age, location(urban/rural) and gender. From Table1 in the article, we can also find out that the number of 12 year olds is 254, 13 year olds 200, 14 year olds 252 and 15 year olds 304. Thus, we see that there are roughly equal proportion of students in each of subcategories of each of the independent variables. Thus, the sample chosen is well suited to the variables chosen. The study also revelead that the overall awareness of orthodontic procedures among the students is about 45.1%. The mean scores of awareness of orthodontic procedures amongst girls(4.46) with a standard deviation of 1.71 was found to be significantly higher than that of boys (4.00) with standard deviation of 1.489 using t-test. We need to understand here that the awareness as a whole gave a rough account of know how of the orthodontic procedures among the students, whereas the mean scores calculated on the basis of grouping the sample gives us a better command over the distinction of the same over the various sub-categories of the sample. In addition, the t-test also gives us conclusive evidence that the mean scores are significantly different and not due to pure chance alone, which is seen from Table 2 in the article, where p-value is seen to be 0. Though theoretically p-value cannot be equal to 0, but the zero value is indicative of a very low value in the SPSS software. What this implies in the context of t-test is that the probability of the difference of means of the two subcategories in the sample(boys and girls in case of Table 2) being zero assuming the null hypothesis that they are equal is close to zero. We need to note that the level of significance of the test, or the threshold value of the value of Students-t distribution chosen before the study began was 0.05. But, the observed value of probability is found to be close to 0, which is indicative that the original assumption of the null hypothesis that the means of the genders are equal is false and needs to be rejected. This simple test shows the power of statistical logic, which is not to be obtained in a casual prima facie study. Similarly, the t-test applied to subcategories according to location gave significant difference amongst the mean scores in urban(4.43 with standard deviation 1.606) and rural locations(4.00 with a standard deviation 1.578), with a p-value close to zero or exactly zero in the SPSS software. The next observation in the results section we need to consider is the ANOVA table. Here, in addition to the p-value, we have additional column showing the F-value. What the F-value actually shows is the ratio of between the group variances(the age groups in Table 1) and within the group variances(variance of awareness in a single age group). We see that if the null hypothesis that the mean of the groups according to ages are equal, which is assumed, were true, then the between the group variances would be dominated by or equal to the within the group variances, thus giving us an F-value of close to 1 or less than 1. But, that this is not the case is shown by the high value of F-value in all the four subcategories of age parameter, being well above 1 in all the four cases(seen to be 57.61, 81.48, 69.21, 51.81 respectively for 12, 13, 14 and 15 year olds). This, combined with the p-values being close to zero, proves the significance of the difference in the mean scores of the different age groups between different, with the observed mean score of 5.20 with a standard deviation of 0.747 for 14 year olds to be the highest . The last analysis we take up is the regression analysis between the three different variables of age, location and gender. We note that the t-test is a subset of F-test(ANOVA) in the two dimensional case, or in other words, when we compare only two variables or subgroups within a sample, the F-test is nothing but the t-test as, the Snedecor-F distribution with 1 degree of freedom is the Students-t distribution. Again, the ANAOVA is nothing but the regression analysis of the variances. Thus, in ANOVA and t-tests done, the authors compared the subcategories in the independent variables of Age(12 to 15 year olds), Gender(Boys and Girls) and Location(Urban and Rural), in the final regression analysis they are comparing the mean scores in the three main categories of variables themselves. Thus, ANOAVA and t-tests were a regression analysis done on the subcategories within the independent variables. In the regression analysis, we find that age, gender and location, in that order of preference affect the dependent variable of awareness of orthodontic procedures. This is ensured by comparing the value, which is nothing but the multiple correlation coefficient computed by taking into account the individual correlation coefficients involving the individual independent variables with the dependent variable as in a correlation matrix. The scores obtained keeping only age constant is less than that obtained keeping both age and gender constant which is less than that obtained keeping all the three constant. The F-values being significantly greater than 1, and p-values being close to zero, gives us the validity of the differential effect of the three independent variables on the dependent variable. Conclusion And Summary We see that the authors of the journal article have made a thorough statistical analysis of the awraeness of orthodontic procedures amongst the student in an attempt to better understand the prevalence of malocclusion. The way the sample was chosen, the way the validation was conducted, the statistical analyses conducted and the results and conclusions drawn, were, from a statistical and analytical perspective, quite appreciable. But, as in statistics, there are bound to errors in the study. The first error might have crept in from the choice of schools and the volunteers that participated. In spite of wisdom in sampling and conducting the pilot study, there might have been biases in the selection of schools due to political, or, similar reasons, like better infrastructure in schools and enthusiasm in students. It might be the case that within the group variances in the ANOVA and regression analyses be very small and insignificant as compared to the between group variances just becau se of the reason that the volunteers were of a homogenous nature, thus giving ahigh F-value, in spite of there being no significant difference in the means. Again, this has to do with sample selection. We think that it might have improved the statistical analysis if two way ANOVA be done to improve the test and an ANOCOVA(Analysis of Covariance) be performed. (Kass, R. E . 1 February 2011). Overall, the study made by authors can be a suitable model which could be implemented in statistical studies. References Pandey, M., Singh, J., Mangal, G., Yadav, P.,(2014),Evaluation of awareness regarding orthodontic procedures among a group of preadolescents in a cross-sectional study, Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry,4(1),44-47. Kass, R. E (1 February 2011). "Statistical inference: The big picture". Statistical Science. Institute of Mathematical Statistics. 26 (1): 19. Montgomery, D. C.(2012). Design and analysis of experiments (8th Ed.). John Wiley Sons. Science Made Simple(2016),The Scientific Method,[ONLINE] Available at https://www.sciencemadesimple.com/scientific_method.html [Accessed 16/10/2017] Frost, J. (2016), Understanding Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the F-test,[ONLINE] .Avilable at https://blog.minitab.com/blog/adventures-in-statistics-2/understanding-analysis-of-variance-anova-and-the-f-test[Accessed 16/10/2017] NLREG. (2017), Understanding the Results of an Analysis,[ONLINE] Available at https://www.nlreg.com/results.htm [Acccessed 16/10/2017] Sapiens(2010).Action without change? On the use and usefulness of pilot experiments in environmental management [ONLINE] Available at https://sapiens.revues.org/979 [Accessed 16/10/2017] Paret, M., (2016), Regression versus ANOVA: Which Tool to Use When, [ONLINE] Available at https://blog.minitab.com/blog/michelle-paret/regression-versus-anova%3A-which-tool-to-use-when [Accessed 16/10/2017] Lomax, R. G. (2007). Statistical Concepts: A Second Course. p.10. McLugh, M.L. (2012), Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic, Biochem Med (Zagreb). 2012 Oct; 22(3): 276282. Yale University (2017), Sampling, [ONLINE] Available at https://www.stat.yale.edu/Courses/1997-98/101/sample.htm [Accessed 16/10/2017]

Peaceable Kingdoms by Michael Zuckerman free essay sample

A review of Peaceable Kingdoms by historian Michael Zuckerman, describing the life of a community in Puritan New England in the eighteenth century. The paper reviews Peaceful Kingdoms showing the importance of the town meeting and other influences of the community in Puritan New England that kept the peace and served as government, police, and voice of the community. Zuckerman first discusses the pre-eminence of the local community in provincial Massachusetts and how the community was shaped by the doctrine of congregational autonomy. He describes how these villages were settled and the form they took contributed to the development of a variety of institutions that we now identify as uniquely American, including the American version of democracy, the primacy of peace as a goal, and American capitalism. Zuckerman describes these communities, the life in them, the nature of the family, the modes of commerce of the time, and especially the decision-making processes in the community and how the people influenced one another in town meetings in order to get things done. We will write a custom essay sample on Peaceable Kingdoms by Michael Zuckerman or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Environmental impact from meat based diets

Negative Environmental Impact of a Meat-Based Diet The production of beef along with other animal protein tends to consume a lot of our natural resources including fossil fuels, water, and topsoil. At the same time, there is a resultant pollution of natural resources (Baroni et al, 2006).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental impact from meat based diets specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The depletion of our natural resources is the greatest negative environmental impact of a meat-based diet. It is estimated that there are approximately 17 billion livestock in the world, and this translates into about three time the number of the world population. In order to raise this large number of animals, we need a lot of water to irrigate the hay and grains fed to these animals. The Water Education Foundation estimates that in order to produce a single pound of beef in the state of California, we require about 2,464 gallons of water. On the other hand, the production of one pound of beef only requires 25 gallons of water. The United States Geological Survey estimates that there is a drastic drop in water tables across the world. The Survey also estimates that in 2000, 40 percent of all the fresh water that was consumed in the United States was used to irrigate livestock feed. Besides water, other natural resources that get depleted by raising livestock include topsoil and fossil fuels. A study that was carried out by researcher from Cornell University revealed that in order to produce a single calorie of protein from feedlot beef, we require 40 calories of fossil fuel. On the other hand, in order to produce a single calorie of protein from tofu, we only need two calories of fossil fuel. Another important natural resource that gets depleted by producing meat base diets is the topsoil. Corn and soybeans are the main grains fed to livestock. A lot of soil erosion occurs during their production si nce these crops have to be grown in rows. Because of the presence of bare patches between rows of soybeans and corn, the topsoil gets exposed to both rain and wind erosion. The study at Cornell University that was headed by David Pimentel calculated that about half of the topsoil in Iowa has already been lost as a result of farming activities that have taken place in the state for the last 100 years (Pimentel Pimentel, 2008). The study further estimated that every year, nearly 7 billion tons of topsoil is lost. The rainforest is also under threat owing to the increased production of livestock. The Nature Conservancy estimates that nearly the size of a football field of rainforest gets destroyed every day (Pimentel Pimentel, 2003). A lot of the forestland is normally cut down to create room for farming and livestock rearing, and such produce exported to the United States. The sad thing is that this threatens the lives of hundreds of insect, plant, and bird species. Different plant species are also under threat.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, the production of meat based diets pollutes our air and water. For example, these animals produce a lot of urine and manure, and this then pollutes natural resources. Animal wastes contaminate the air and changes the PH of water, while the gasses emitted by such wastes are thought to contribute greatly to global warming. In a bid to get rid of these wastes, a lot of farmers report to spraying it to nearby fields as fertiliser (Baroni et al, 2006). Not only is this practice expensive, but it is not also the most ideal nutrient balance for crop production. In addition, there is the risk of spreading disease carried by such wastes to humans. Other farmers make use of manure lagoons thinking that this is a safe method of storing the animal waste. However, research show that such lagoons are not actually safe. For example, in 1995, a hog farm spilled some 25 million gallons of urine and manure into the New River in North Carolina. As a result, more than 10 million fish were killed instantly resulting in the closure of shell fishing that affected a coastal wetland of 264,000 acres. In addition, a 7,000 square mile termed as a â€Å"dead zone† in the Gulf of Mexico no longer supports aquatic life as a result of pollution from chemical fertilisers and animal waste (Pimentel Pimentel, 2008). Also, the waste released from factory farms emits such harmful gases as methane, hydrogen sulphide, and ammonia, in addition to particles and clouds of dust. All these harmful substances pollute our air. Methane is by far the most dangerous gas released from the production of meat based diets. In fact, the global meat industry is thought to release more than 100 million tons of methane gas every year. Methane gas impacts negatively on the environment by trapping heat in the atmosphere, thereby res ulting in an increase in global temperatures. Solution is plant based and benefits of plant based diets Even as enhanced agricultural practices helps to reduce environmental impact of the food industry, nonetheless, we should not neglect the contribution made by changing our dietary choices from meat based diets to plant based diets. Available data appears to suggest that plant based diets are more beneficial to the environment than meat based diets (Reijnders Soret, 2003). For example, growing of food requires less land in comparison with a meat based diet. Consequently, a lot of land is freed, and can be sued to support the agricultural needs of less fortunate people. In their June 2010 report, The United Nations Environmental Program stated that we could only hope to significantly reduce the negative impacts of meat based diets to the environment by switching to a plant based diet (UNEP, 2010). This is an important consideration because the world population is set to reach the 9 .2 billion mark by 2050.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental impact from meat based diets specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More If we let the number of animals to increase in tandem with the increase in human population, a lot of forest land shall be cleared to pave way for the cultivation of livestock fodder. This means that will be forced to encroach on land that would have otherwise been used to settle the increase in global population and to cater for their farming needs as well. In addition, a switch from animal based diet to a plant based diet means that there shall be less demand for animal products (Pimentel Pimentel, 2003). Consequently, a lot of farmers will have to reduce the acreage set aside for growing livestock fodder. At the same time, the number of livestock shall also reduce drastically. As a result of an elimination of animal products, we shall move a step closer towards lowering global emission, and in effect helping to cool the planet. This is because the livestock industry contributes significantly towards global warming and pollution by releasing vast amounts of toxic gases to the atmosphere. In addition, we need to remember that the meat industry released vast amounts of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere through deforestation as we try to create livestock fields (Reijnders Soret, 2003). Furthermore, the actual process of meat production and transport also emits tones of carbon dioxide, and hence a major source of pollution. As such, shifting to plant based diets will go a long way towards reducing environmental pollution. By embracing a plant based diet, you will have made the first step towards reducing your carbon footprint. The livestock industry is believed to emit vast amounts of greenhouse gasses (18%), more than even the transport system in the entire world (13.5 %). In addition, plant based diets will also help us to save our water resources. Growing v egetables, pulses and grains requires very little water, while producing a kilo of beef requires thousands of liters of water. We can also save the aquatic lives in rivers and lakes from antibiotics, hormones, and manure released from livestock waste. Moreover, we are likely to save land, seeing that livestock production accounts for nearly 70 percent of the deforestation at the Amazon. According to Goodland, if the world meat consumption was to reduce by just a %, we could achieve a similar effect to investing $ 3 trillion in solar energy (2010, p. 51). Livestock emits a lot of methane whose global warming potential is 25 times worse in comparison with carbon dioxide. The United States has devoted between 80 and 90 percent of all its agricultural land to livestock production. By shifting from a meat based diet to a plant based diet, a lot of this land shall be freed to other agricultural practices that do not have a lot of negative impacts on the environment. Reference List Baroni, L., Cenci, L., Tettamanti, M., Berati, M. (2006). Evaluating the environmental impact of various dietary patterns combined with different food production systems.  European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1–8.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Goodland, R. (2010). The Overlooked Climate Solution. Journal of Human Security,  6(3), 50-60. Pimentel, D., Pimentel, M. (2003). Sustainability of meat-based and plant-based diets and the environment. Am J Clin Nutr, 78, 660S–663S. Pimentel, D., Pimentel, M. (2008). Food, Energy, and Society. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2008. Reijnders, L., Soret, S. (2003). Quantification of the environmental impact of different dietary protein choices. Am J Clin Nutr, 78, 664S–668S. UNEP. (2010). Assessing the Environmental Impacts of Consumption and Production:  Priority Products and Materials. United Nations Environmental Programme. Available from https://www.unenvironment.org/ This essay on Environmental impact from meat based diets was written and submitted by user Pa1ge to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Facism

Fascism â€Å"Fascism, capitalized this term refers to the authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922-1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini (The American Fascism).† Fascism is a form of politics that first arose in the early part of the twentieth-century, in Europe. It was a response to the rapid social upheaval, the devastation of World War I, and the Bolshevik Revolution. Fascism is a system of government the advocates or exercises a dictatorship of the extreme right, typically through the merging of state and business leadership, together with an ideology of nationalism. Fascism approaches politics in two central areas, populist and elitist. Populist in that it seeks to activate "the people" as a whole against groups of people with different beliefs or enemies and to create a nation of unity. The elitist approach treats as putting the people’s will on one select group, or most often one supreme leader called El Duce, from whom all power proceeds downward. The two most recognized names that go along with Fascism are Italy’s Benito Mussolini and Germany’s Adolf Hitler. The philosophy of Fasci sm can be traced to the philosophers who argue that the will is prior to and superior to the intellect or reason. George Sorel, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Georg Hegal are philosophers whose beliefs and ideas greatly influenced the shaping of Fascist theory. Sorel , a French social philosopher had a major influence on Mussolini. Sorel believed that societies usually became decayed and disorganized. This decay could only be slowed by the leadership of idealists who were willing to use violence to obtain power. Nietzsches’ (1844-1900) theory was that there were two moral codes: the ruling class ( master morality) and the oppressed class (slave morality). Nietzsche believed the ancient empires were developed from the master majority and the religious ideas and views grew out the slave majority. The idea of the "o... Facism Free Essays on Nazism/Facism Fascism â€Å"Fascism, capitalized this term refers to the authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922-1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini (The American Fascism).† Fascism is a form of politics that first arose in the early part of the twentieth-century, in Europe. It was a response to the rapid social upheaval, the devastation of World War I, and the Bolshevik Revolution. Fascism is a system of government the advocates or exercises a dictatorship of the extreme right, typically through the merging of state and business leadership, together with an ideology of nationalism. Fascism approaches politics in two central areas, populist and elitist. Populist in that it seeks to activate "the people" as a whole against groups of people with different beliefs or enemies and to create a nation of unity. The elitist approach treats as putting the people’s will on one select group, or most often one supreme leader called El Duce, from whom all power proceeds downward. The two most recognized names that go along with Fascism are Italy’s Benito Mussolini and Germany’s Adolf Hitler. The philosophy of Fasci sm can be traced to the philosophers who argue that the will is prior to and superior to the intellect or reason. George Sorel, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Georg Hegal are philosophers whose beliefs and ideas greatly influenced the shaping of Fascist theory. Sorel , a French social philosopher had a major influence on Mussolini. Sorel believed that societies usually became decayed and disorganized. This decay could only be slowed by the leadership of idealists who were willing to use violence to obtain power. Nietzsches’ (1844-1900) theory was that there were two moral codes: the ruling class ( master morality) and the oppressed class (slave morality). Nietzsche believed the ancient empires were developed from the master majority and the religious ideas and views grew out the slave majority. The idea of the "o...

Compare and contrast learning to ride a bike versus learning to drive Essay

Compare and contrast learning to ride a bike versus learning to drive a car - Essay Example Riding a bike may be perceived to be a hard art because of the techniques that an individual requires to maintain balance. Thus, it will require the learner to engage in riding a bike a number of times with failures and success to be able to acquire the skills required. Similarly, learning to drive will require practice in which the learner will have to drive a car with the help of an instructor to be able to get used on how to engage the various components that are related to the moving mechanism of a car. Remarkably, both learning to ride a bike and drive a car are arts that are perfected through experience. Even after getting the knowledge to ride a bike, it is often likely that an individual will have to keep on engaging in the art to ensure that all the techniques acquired are perfected. It becomes an art because a learner has to know each component of the bike and their operation in certain circumstances while riding. This also applies to learning how to drive a car, which is more of gaining the experience rather than just learning the basics of its mechanism. It also becomes an art because a learner will have to master each of the car’s components and their application during driving. Both experiences happen once in an individual’s life though a person may decide to engage in lessons that will act as reminders in few cases. Once an individual is well acquitted with the skills necessary to ride a bike, gets experience and perfects the art, it will not be necessary for an individual to get involved in other learning process unless she/he would like to participate in specialized riding skills applicable in sports. Likewise, this applies to learning to drive a car because once a learner has passed the driving test and has been issued with a driving licence, there is no need to further engage in the learning process. Learning to drive a car differs with learning to ride a bike in

Homeless essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Homeless - Essay Example If someone is being discharged from an institution such as a hospital, where he has been living for the last month or more, and has neither a house to live after his discharge nor the required resources to buy or rent one. Recently, volunteers spent a whole night trying to calculate the number of homeless people living in Syracuse. The Homeless and Housing Vulnerable Task Force traveled around the whole city counting the number of people spending the night on streets. They also checked emergency shelters, parks, playgrounds, bus stands, and all other possible areas where the homeless might spend the night. This year, it was the first time the Firefighting Department also helped in locating old and confiscated buildings where the homeless might find shelter. They counted out a total of 700 homeless people, which was a decrease by 37% since last year. At least the same rate of decrease is expected next year. (WTVH, 2008) Homelessness has been a major cause of problems occurring in a society on a daily basis. Businessmen are especially not happy with homeless people straying on the streets as it creates a bad image of their businesses, and also they are often subjected to petty crimes committed by the homeless. Other people living in the society are also often frightened by the presence of panhandlers and complain the destruction of the society's beauty brought about by the homeless. Due to the problems mentioned above, law enforcement agencies like the police department receive regular calls from angry businessmen complaining about the bad impact of homeless people on their businesses and ability to attract new business projects, and the crimes committed by them. In areas where large numbers of homeless reside, theft occurs at a regular basis. Businesses are robbed and theft of easily tradable accessories like tools and metal scraps has widely spread. Therefore, the police have to be extremely active in relation to the activities of the homeless. (Holderness, 1998) Along with the preceding problems, the community also faces the problem of large amounts of homeless people living and spending nights on subway stations. The up gradation and renovation of trains and subway stations done in order to attract people who lost hope in subway, also attracts helpless people who have no place else to go and wish to avoid crime and humiliation of public emergency shelters. Installation of air-conditioners has

Strategic Management and Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 8

Strategic Management and Leadership - Essay Example That year it multiplied abroad deals to turn into the #1 air payload organization. In 2001 Fedex hit an arrangement with the United States Postal Service to transport mail shipments and Fedex drop boxes were set in post business locales. Today, Fedex has more than 275,000 individuals worldwide with a normal day by day volume of 7.5 million shipments. It serves in excess of 220 nations. Fedex Corp today positioned number one in client fulfillment in the Express Delivery industry. Our discussion would be the strategic analysis of Fedex as a company and in the event of doing so we will be looking into the business model, sustainability issues, the leadership approach, competitive advantage and the value chain infrastructure of the firm. Fedex is a worldwide shipping enterprise that gives services to purchasers and organizations around the world. Headquartered in Memphis, Tennessee, Fedex is headed by Fedex Corporation, which "gives vital heading and merged monetary reporting for the working organizations that contend altogether under the Fedex name around the world: Fedex Express, Fedex Ground, Fedex Freight, and Fedex Services." These organizations work under the aphorism of "work freely, contend on the whole and oversee synergistically." By working autonomously, every Fedex organization can center solely on conveying the best service for its particular market and abstain from squandering time and assets on issues unaffiliated with its centre business. Contending on the whole under the well-known Fedex name guarantees that the greater part of the working organizations profit from being a part one of the worlds most distinguished brands. Fedex is presently a $29 billion organization and posted incomes in abundance of $35.5 billion in financial 2009. From shipping only 186 bundles on its first day of operations in 1973, the organization has

Why Ecommerce Must Embrace Smartphone Purchases

Why Ecommerce Must Embrace Smartphone Purchases Todays customers are additional connected than ever ahead of, and it is altering the way we do business enterprise. Social media has transformed advertising and marketing into a neighborhood activity, artificial intelligence is altering customer support as we know it and mobile phones have produced it less difficult for shoppers to purchase items around the go. This Black Friday marked a significant milestone for mobile eCommerce as purchasing from phones and tablets was accountable for $1.two billion in U.S. on the internet sales! Although purchases from mobile only make up 36 % of total on the web sales for Black Friday, mobile views essentially outweighed Computer views by 55 % which means that the majority of shoppers at the least viewed a retail or eCommerce web page from their smartphone just before obtaining merchandise from their private computer system. And mobile purchases are displaying no indicators of slowing down. Actually, 2016 saw the initial time shoppers produced the majority, 51 %, of their purchases on the internet. This trend will only enhance since it develop into simpler to analysis and get things from computer systems and mobile devices. If eCommerce web pages need to remain competitive, they really need to design and style for mobile. Under are a couple of tricks to get your enterprise eCommerce shop in around the action. Create a Mobile Friendly Web-site: For those who are hunting to optimize your web-site for mobile, it is possibly finest to begin with an enterprise eCommerce platform constructed with mobile in thoughts. Retrofitting an current internet site can take loads of additional time and work, in particular should you employ an agency or outdoors group to produce the needed adjustments. Try to remember that mobile does not only imply smartphone, so you may also will need a tablet-friendly version of the web-site also. Entice Younger Clients: According to your company model and target demographics, you could possibly be seeking towards mobile to attract much more Millennials. It turns out members of Generation Y will be the most avid mobile shoppers, creating almost 63 % of their purchases by means of smartphone or tablet. It is crystal clear if youd like to appeal to younger purchasers, you have to optimize your eCommerce web-site for mobile. E-mail Advertising and marketing for Mobile: E mail advertising is practically nothing new, but did you realize it truly is certainly one of the hottest strategies to maintain clients engaged within your brand? Additional than 65 % of all e mail gets opened initially on mobile; and due to the fact push notification alert customers once they acquire new messages, your emails possess a higher possibility of getting noticed. Use e-mail marketing and advertising to market sales, limited-time discounts, promotions and much more. Experiment with pushing out advertising and marketing material at distinctive instances of day. Wish to be the very first factor in their inbox once they wake up? Or ought to you try and catch shoppers with shop alerts inside the late evening? Embrace Social Commerce: Social media is abuzz with viral marketing and advertising campaigns and two-way conversations involving purchasers and brands. In no way has it been simpler to determine precisely what your audience is speaking about. Fortunately, social media platforms have taken points additional by supplying obtain buttons on Facebook, Instagram, YouTube and other people. Now customers taking a look at your web page can obtain straight from their feed. Prevent Orphaned Carts: Certainly, nothing at all comes with no its challenges. Mobile enterprise eCommerce is not excellent and in reality could bring about the developing variety of abandoned carts. Reports show cart abandonment is highest amongst mobile customers as they relinquished orders at about 79 %. To combat this, make certain that your checkout approach is swift and easy for mobile customers. Nobody likes fumbling about with tiny text boxes on such a compact screen. In the event you operate an enterprise eCommerce shop, then you definitely ought to make the most of the thrilling improvement in mobile sales and promoting. This guide will get you began, but do not neglect to experiment to find out what functions finest for the buyers as well as your business enterprise.

The Moment That Changed My Life

This essay is based on an event that changed my life forever. It is a passage that is mixed with feelings and emotions. This experience gave my life a purpose and a sense of direction. It allowed me to grow from a boy to a man in just one day. It was a cold, rainy winter morning in Liverpool. I had gone about my morning no different than any other working day. By 6:30AM I was showered, dressed, and full from my huge bowl of cereal. This gave me fifteen minutes to watch the latest news before I left to arrive at work for 7AM. It was 9. 5AM when my cell phone began to ring; it was a call from my mother.I could tell by the quick, anxious, but bold and loud tone her voice that this was not going to be a pleasurable conversation. â€Å"Come and get me, get me now! Hurry up, it’s your dad, I will explain when you get here! † Without thinking or giving any explanation to my manager, I left and headed home. The journey home was an adventure in its self, not a care for anyone or anything around me, except my father. The dangerous speed and my total lack of concentration, as my brain flooded with thoughts of my dad’s well-being, were a recipe for disaster.When I arrived home my mother was waiting in the garden. I knew it was a matter of urgency by looking at how she was dressed. She was wearing her long, black coat and underneath she was wearing her P. Js. She jumped into my car, slammed the door and before I could ask where we were going, she had already yelled â€Å"the hospital! † This demanding order left very little to my imagination and I knew something was seriously wrong. We arrived at the hospital. I stopped the car and my mother jumped out, darting off into a sprint to seek my father’s ward.The corridors were long and narrow. The sounds of rushing heels echoed all around me. I was like a mouse in a huge maze, with no sense of direction. After ten minutes of searching, we finally found the ward that held my father’s fate . I paused and took a huge breath, grasping all the air my lungs could hold, preparing myself for the worst. I opened the old squeaky doors and headed towards my father’s bed. He was surrounded by doctors and nurses, and reality began to take its toll. The closer I got, the slower I moved forward, scared of taking the next step.I was eventually pulled to a stop by the nurse and was escorted to the waiting room. I asked question after question, each answer had the same reply â€Å"the doctor will be in to explain shortly. † The waiting room was cold and lifeless. The walls were littered with thank you cards and letters of praise from past patience. This gave me some hope that my father was in good hands. Minutes seemed like hours until the doctor entered. Before he had both feet in the room, my mother began to scream for explanations. â€Å"Take a seat† Then every sentence that a son and wife fears to hear. Your father is in critical condition, he has no longer t han a couple of hours to live. † A cold chill of death sent shivers down my spine. Keeping myself from exploding into tears, I began ensuring my mother and younger brother that everything would be fine, by far the hardest thing I’ve ever had to do. The time came when the doctors called us to see him; with no hesitation I jumped up and charged to his bed. There he was, lying helplessly. I reached for his hand and grabbed it, letting him know he wasn’t alone.I begged him to fight for his life; I knew he could hear me as he acknowledged my voice with a small nod. If there was one thing I learned from my father, it was to never give up. From this moment on, I never left his side. Through the fight and determination to live, my father is alive today. I’m living in my hero’s shadow. How do I fill the boots of a man that everybody loved? It was then I decided to make something of my life, to make him proud. This is why I’m here today. This is why yo u have this essay in front of you, to better myself.For the hope that one day, I can provide for my family and give them the future that my father gave to me. I do not like to praise only one of my role models, as I have two amazing parents. Watching a women nearly lose somebody she has loved for over thirty years was very difficult. My mother has shown loyalty and never ending lover for her family. I truly believe, it was this love my father was fighting for. I must thank my mother a great deal for this. I can only pray to be half as happy as both of them in my future,

Hill presents Edmund Hooper as a violent imposing figure, who shows no sympathy Essay

Hill presents the character Edmund Hooper as a unsympathetic character. Hill’s uses the technique of ‘unmitigated language’ to present Edmund as unsympathetic character; â€Å"You were only tenants then†, Edmund makes no effort to make his sentence any politer. The word â€Å"only† is chosen by Hill to try and ‘degrade’ Kingshaw’s ‘ status and to portray him, inferior to Edmund. Hill continues to show that Edmund is an unsympathetic character; â€Å"When did he die?†. The death of Kingshaw’s father is a personnel matter, and the ‘usual’ person is likely to feel sympathetic towards Kingshaw. Hill purposefully gives the question asked by Edmund no expression, the reader has no idea how Edmund states the question. By not including any expression, the reader is given the impression that Edmund is ignorant to the death of Kingshaw’s father, he is instead focused on being an imposing figure. Edmund is portrayed as an imposing figure and his unsympathetic nature reinforces this view. Furthermore Edmunds actions portray him as a imposing figure; â€Å"Hooper looked at him coldly†, the word ‘coldly’ would suggests lack of emotion and ‘warmth’. Edmunds lack of emotion ‘frightens’ the readers. The reader develops an image of an emotionless child, Edmund shows no emotion towards his father either; â€Å"Hooper stood very still, turning the pencil round and round†, the word ‘still’ can be linked to the lack of motion, Edmund is in one sense ‘frozen’, he emits no emotions, no warmth towards no one. ‘Turning the pencil round and round’ could suggest that Edmund is like an endless loop, he is shown to have no personality and trying to make contact with Edmund is like going ’round and round’, you do not end up anywhere different, you keep on going round in a circle. Finally, Edmund is shown to be violent; â€Å"He raised his fists and came at Kingshaw†. Fists are can be associated with boxing- a violent sport. Edmund with his fists ‘raised’ give the reader and image of a boy ready to fight. The word ‘came’ suggests Edmund can be compared to an object more than a human, which suggests that Edmund is a very unusual human, he is more like an object, emotionless and violent. The violence is emphasised as Edmund has only just met Kingshaw, the mere fact Edmund attacks Kingshaw almost immediately after meeting Kingshaw suggests Edmund does not try to understand Kingshaw, he just attacks Kingshaw to be seen as the superior person. Edmund shows no regret in hurting Kingshaw, â€Å"I’ll bash you again†. The word bash is not associated with humans but objects. It is unusual to say ‘I’ll bash you. Bash is a very violent word and the reader sees Edmund as intimidating and violent. The word â€Å"again† suggests that Edmund will willingly hurt someone, repeatedly. The repetetion of Edmunds violent nature tells gives the image of an imposing character. Hill tries to present Edmund as an imposing figure so that Edmunds character contrasts with Kingshaw. The reader sees Kingshaw as the victim and Edmund as the bully. The conflict between Kingshaw and Edmund is what engages the reader, and as the two characters have opposing personalities, conflict occurs a lot more frequently. The reader continues to read in anticipation that more conflict will occur, the conflict excites the reader and produces suspense.

Free Essays on Aeschylus, Sophocles, Plato And Dante

1. Dikaiosyne – literally means justice in Ancient Greek; however there are several different interpretations as to what justice can mean. In The Oresteia by Aeschylus the definition of dike is the relationship between individuals. Justice becomes an issue of to what extent we are responsible for our actions and furthermore dike is seen as a correction of a wrong. In the Oresteia a complicated series of events plague the house of Atreus of Argos (Agamemnon, pg1) following the end of the Trojan War. Agamemnon returns from the war a hero, but upon his arrival he is murdered by his wife’s lover and his cousin. However, the reasons for his murder are not simple. The murder is only a small part of a cycle of vengeance that began between the cousin’s fathers. Aegisthus motivation for murdering Agamemnon was in retribution for the crimes committed against his father. As a result, Orestes, Agamemnon’s remaining son, is now responsible for avenging his father’s death. Orestes avenges the death by murdering his mother and Aegisthus for which he receives his mother’s curse. Orestes is th en plagued by the Furies for the murder. However, this poses the question of whether it is possible to end the cycle that this interpretation of dike establishes. A trial follows in Athens in which the cycle is finally ended with the help of Athena, the goddess of wisdom. Aeschylus, through the trial, is trying to say that the old cyclical system of revenge need not continue. In a democratic society with old laws and practices, there can be tribunal and judgment can be settled with wisdom (phronesis – wisdom along with justice will work). In addition his goal was to provide a functioning system of justice that does not involve the direct intervention of the gods. Plato interprets dike as acting in accordance to one’s station in life. Plato describes his concept of justice in terms of the allegory of the metals. People are bor... Free Essays on Aeschylus, Sophocles, Plato And Dante Free Essays on Aeschylus, Sophocles, Plato And Dante 1. Dikaiosyne – literally means justice in Ancient Greek; however there are several different interpretations as to what justice can mean. In The Oresteia by Aeschylus the definition of dike is the relationship between individuals. Justice becomes an issue of to what extent we are responsible for our actions and furthermore dike is seen as a correction of a wrong. In the Oresteia a complicated series of events plague the house of Atreus of Argos (Agamemnon, pg1) following the end of the Trojan War. Agamemnon returns from the war a hero, but upon his arrival he is murdered by his wife’s lover and his cousin. However, the reasons for his murder are not simple. The murder is only a small part of a cycle of vengeance that began between the cousin’s fathers. Aegisthus motivation for murdering Agamemnon was in retribution for the crimes committed against his father. As a result, Orestes, Agamemnon’s remaining son, is now responsible for avenging his father’s death. Orestes avenges the death by murdering his mother and Aegisthus for which he receives his mother’s curse. Orestes is th en plagued by the Furies for the murder. However, this poses the question of whether it is possible to end the cycle that this interpretation of dike establishes. A trial follows in Athens in which the cycle is finally ended with the help of Athena, the goddess of wisdom. Aeschylus, through the trial, is trying to say that the old cyclical system of revenge need not continue. In a democratic society with old laws and practices, there can be tribunal and judgment can be settled with wisdom (phronesis – wisdom along with justice will work). In addition his goal was to provide a functioning system of justice that does not involve the direct intervention of the gods. Plato interprets dike as acting in accordance to one’s station in life. Plato describes his concept of justice in terms of the allegory of the metals. People are bor...

Chloroplast evolution Essay Example

Chloroplast evolution Essay Example Chloroplast evolution Paper Chloroplast evolution Paper Chloroplast evolution Introduction Chloroplasts are the particular class of plastids in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place. They are subcellular organelles that perform various specific functions in plant cell and algae. Many research studies have confirmed the fact that evolution of chloroplasts occurred from cyanobacterium through the process of endosymbiosis (Raven and Allen, 2003). This has been revealed by studying the genetic sequence of cyanobacteria (Raven and Allen, 2003). There are many kinds of plastids in plants but chloroplasts are concerned with photosynthesis. One kind of plastids is etioplasts, a primitive stage of cholorplasts, and found in abundance in the leaves of plants that grow in darkness. However, these are instantaneously converted into chloroplasts when they come in contact with sunlight. Chloroplasts are present in cytoplasm of a cell bears the green pigment chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight to provide energy for photosynthesis. These are present in autotrophic plants (Briscoe). Many theories have been suggested for the evolution of chloroplasts. The chloroplasts are monophyletic. Their genome and gene structure matches the genetic sequence of cyanobacterium (Raven and Allen, 2003). In chloroplasts evolution the most important theory is endosymbiotic gene transfer theory. Theory defines that throughout the stage of evolution endosymbiont events take place and gene transfers from symbionts to the host. The intergenomic transfers and genetic interactions between the nucleus and organelles are highly regulated (Raven and Allen, 2003). Plastids are derived from cyanobacteria by process of endosymbiosis was first hypothesized by Mereschkowsky (1905). However, further studies in molecular genetics, biochemical, and microscopic studies have revealed that plastids contain ribosomes, DNA/RNA that responsible for inheritance of certain characteristics (Briscoe). The genome in plastids replicates as normal genome, and carry out all other functions of transcription and translation (Briscoe). Plastids are evolved from blue-green algae (cyanobacteria). A number of studies have confirmed this fact that cyanobacteria are the closest bacterial homolog of plastids. They have a system of sunlight absorbing, oxygen production and water split same that of cholorplasts (Molnar, 1999). All proteins that are actively involved in plastids functions are encoded by genes. This is said to be the result of evolution of cyanobacteria and gene transfer (Doolittle et al 2003). During this transfer certain genes are moved while others are retained. â€Å"It also becomes possible to see clearly the algal ancestry of cells that have vestigial and otherwise unrecognizable plastids, and even to discern the unmistakable genomic footprint of plastids long lost from organisms one might never imagine to have descended from plants.† (Zhou et al 2006) Genomes in plastids encode above 100 of proteins (50-200), however there are inmureaable nuclear encoded products found in cytoplasms. Cyanobacterium gneome codes 1500 proteins. Many similarities have been found between proteome of cyanobacterium and other organelles of cells. It is said that the genes of cyanobacteria evolutes from endosymbiotic pre-plastids (Briscoe). When genes transfer from one location to another it is most probably that some of it will be lost, some will be transferred and some will be retained. â€Å"The process of transfer of genes to the nucleus would have involved duplication of each plastid gene, and a nuclear copy of the gene becoming able to produce a functional product in the cytosol or, with appropriate targeting sequences, in other compartments.† (Zhou et al 2006) It has been hypothesized that transfer from cyanobacterial genome into the plant genome took place in horizontal gene transfer. Different metabolic pathways are determined for encoding purpose of chloroplast genome and nuclear genome. Zhou et al (2006) compared the photosynthetic networks of chloroplasts and cyanobateria. It was postulated that compound reactions in chloroplasts are less than cyanobacteria, the path length of metabolic network was longer, less dense, with localized high density areas in chloroplasts. Enzyme proteins are encoded by genomes. These enzymes actively participate in different cellular functions. Chloroplast’s modular organization is organized in a much better way than cyanobacteria. Zhou et al (2006) concluded that as there are metabolic network differences between the two, cholorplasts and cyanobacteria, it shows that modifications may occur during evolutionary period during the process of endosymbiosis. Photosynthetic process of light absorption, efficiency of energy absorption, water split and oxygen release depends on the overall metabolic network. Clegg et al (1996) studied different patterns of genes that facilitate evolution. During the process of evolution nucleotide replacement. â€Å"The chloroplast genome (cpDNA) of plants has been a focus of research in plant molecular evolution and systematics. Several features of this genome have facilitated molecular evolutionary analyses. First, the genome is small and constitutes an abundant component of cellular DNA. Second, the chloroplast genome has been extensively characterized at the molecular level providing the basic information to support comparative evolutionary research. And third, rates of nucleotide substitution are relatively slow and therefore provide the appropriate window of resolution to study plant phylogeny at deep levels of evolution.† (Clegg et al 1996) DNA sequencing in chloroplasts is a new technique and depends upon how reliable a method is for DNA sequencing. Researches across the United States have developed very latest and sophisticated techniques for DNA sequencing. However, the process is very delicate, that even very minor error can disregard the whole process. Scientific labs have new latest technology implemented and DNA sequencing is made very comprehensive, easy and done locally as well. With new changes and advances in genetic engineering and its implication in plant genomics and evolution, it has become mandatory to further research in this field, as this can become strong scientific evidence. DNA sequencing is gaining popularity because of its unique and un-identical pattern, which is unique in different plastids. With DNA sequencing use in the research, its fair and valid use is important. Other problem in studying evolution and DNA sequencing is a factor of contamination. The DNA samples collected from the chloroplasts can get contaminated. There might be contamination of bacteria, dust or organic material in the samples. DNA can also be degraded if left for long period at the labs.   Degraded DNA can give false positive or false negative increasing the probability of error in the results. The allele frequencies are often used for studying evolution in chloroplasts because chances of random match are very great and not appropriate for small number of plastids and it does not affect probability of being similar or dissimilar. Errors produced in first case does not leave enough samples for further sequencing in many cases which cause much of the frustration to scientists and law professionals Evolutionary studies show that various benefits for DNA sequencing are that DNA patterns are very unique and complete sequencing will differentiate chloroplasts from several other kinds of plastids. DNA when acted upon with polymerase can be amplified and hence smaller sample sizes are sufficient to use for sequencing. Because on single DNA strand can be split into many pieces several samples can be used for sequencing. Any cyanobacterium cell can be examined for DNA sequencing as every cell is nucleated. This gives preference of DNA sequencing of chloroplasts over other sequencing techniques. DNA sequencing also gives it preference over protein sequencing as it is more resistant to degradation. â€Å"Modular structures differ among different organisms. The similarity of overall modular structure among chloroplasts, photosynthetic bacteria, E.coli, Arabidopsis thaliana and Cyanidioschyzon merolae has been calculated and is shown as a dendrogram in Figure 2 (see Methods section for d etailed description of the similarity measurements of modules). Remarkably, all cyanobacteria exhibit very similar modular organization and are different from chloroplasts. Arabidopsis thaliana and Cyanidioschyzon merolae are clustered together with high similar modular structure. This result is consistent with the topological results (Table 1) that chloroplast metabolic network shows different characteristics.† (Zhou et al 2006) With new changes and advances in genetic engineering and its implication in plant evolution, it has become mandatory to further investigate and research in this field, as this can become strong scientific evidence. DNA sequencing is gaining popularity because of its unique and un-identical pattern, which is different in every different kinds of plant cells. With DNA sequencing use in the research, its fair and valid use is important. What genetic information is valid as evidence in chloroplasts evolution? It is of immense importance to understand that the two bands of DNA are a match even if they’re not aligned with each other. However, it is clear to the experts that band shifting requires additional analysis for interpretation of the correct results. There are so many intricacies in DNA profiling that with a slight mistake with a false similarity in different plastids. Possibilities lies in the fact that band shift can shift either more like a match or away from match. â€Å"Only comparative studies of molecular sequences have the resolution to reveal this underlying complexity. A complete description of the complexity of molecular change is essential to a full understanding of the mechanisms of evolutionary change and in the formulation of realistic models of mutational processes.† (Clegg et al 1996) Band shifting is one of the major problems in evolutionary studies today’s research face while making decisions and this has to be understood and checked for reliability in the chloroplasts evolution. In addition, they are developing special probes. In another study probe was conducted and evidence was provided even when bands were shifted but later the evidence was withdrawn because in a second probe a correction factor was found. In many such cases DNA evidence was not accepted because of the discrepancies in the results. DNA typing is becoming more popular in the chloroplasts evolution.   The Geneticists and law professional will need to work strong relation to implement DNA evidence in conviction cases.   Researchers must get trained and educated in DNA patterning and sequencing system to decide for an authentic results. There is need to set standards for the procedures and techniques used. Absence of any universally adopted system may produce discrepancies in the results. Technicians and the professionals hired for this purpose must have skilled and experienced background. In many research cases it was found that the professional involved in Lab for sequencing purpose were not skilled and had forged credentials. It is very important to update current research studies with new technology to get more and more reliable method of scrutinizing results in chloroplast evolutionary studies. However, it must be reliable and useful to investigate previous researches as well. â€Å"The work of Brinkman et al. [8] re-examines the processes that have led to the high proportion of proteins of a bacterial human pathogen, Chlamydia, that are similar to those of plants. This similarity was formerly attributed to horizontal gene transfer from plants, or plant-like host organisms, to the bacterium. Brinkman et al. [8] point out that such gene transfer is unlikely since all extant Chlamydiaceae are obligate intracellular parasites of animals. Instead, the analysis by Brinkman et al. [8] shows that the majority of the plant-like genes in Chlamydia are, in plant cells, targeted to the chloroplast. But the conclusion that this targeting of proteins to chloroplasts is necessarily a function of their origin from a plastid ancestor is not always sound. Furthermore, Martin et al. [6] did not find much similarity between Chlamydia and Arabidopsis (see Figure 1 in [6]). Clearly, further investigation is needed.† (Raven and Allen) One of the many problems cited by professionals in the plant evolution fields are the evidentiary flaws in the studies.   There are some technologies available to extract evidence from such as leaves, but they are not routinely in use.   Unfortunately, these fluids lack a â€Å"definitive set of useful genetic markers† that proves a regular handicap for a conclusive test of DNA that results in usable evidence.   In watching the results a viewer can easily assume that this type of evidence is easy to collect and test, and that it would be used in a case. The chloroplast genome has been a major focus in studying plant evolution and plant genetics (Golenberg et al., 1993; Clegg et al. 1994; Morton, 1995; Clegg et al. 1997; Morton, 1999; Stoebe and Kowllik, 1999). It is now commonly believed that chloroplasts are the consequence of an endosymbiotic event between a eukaryotic host cell and an ancestor of the cyanobacteria (Curtis and Clegg, 1984; Delwiche et al. 1995; Barbrook et al., 1998; Turmel et al. 1999). Plastids developed either from a primary endosymbiotic event or from a secondary event. One of the main points of conjecture is the whether all plastids are monophyletic or polyphyletic. The evidence appears to overwhelmingly support a monophyletic origin (Delwiche et al., 1995), yet some cases are not so clear cut (Penny and OKelly, 1991; Lockhart et al. 1992). Plastids in the red algae appear to be of polyphyletic origin relative to the green plastid lineage.   On the other hand the green algae, from which green plants evolved, later acquired their plastids from a different cyanobacterial species, in which case they would be polyphyletic to the rhodophytes. Ultimately, all plastids are monophyletic assuming there was only one universal ancestor to all life. Throughout evolution, chloroplasts (and mitochondria) appear to have lost most of their ancestral genes. If chloroplasts are descendents from free living cyanobacteria, then there has been a major reduction in the genome sizes since their endosymbiotic origin. Some chloroplast genes are thought to be transferred to the nucleus, while some genes are thought to have been transferred to the mitochondria as well (Gray and Joyce, 1989; Menaud et al., 1998). For example, in Arabidopsis thaliana, a gene coding for methionyl-tRNA synthetase in the mitochondrial genome may have originated in the chloroplast (Menaud et al. 1998). Therefore the mitochondrial genome is a mosaic of genes with different origins (Gray and Joyce, 1989) as is the nuclear genome, and possibly the chloroplast genome. Creating transgenic crops, determining the gene flow, determining the inheritance patterns, etc will be the most highlighted issues. Another fact may be the events in transgenic crops that a mechanism might be elucidated by catching a transfer event in the act, which could shed some light on the early evolution of endosymbionts with their hosts. â€Å"Despite a conservative rate of evolution and a relatively stable gene content, comparative molecular analyses reveal complex patterns of mutational changes. Non-coding regions of cpDNA diverge through insertion/deletion changes that are sometimes site dependent. Coding genes exhibit different patterns of codon bias that appear to violate the equilibrium assumptions of some evolutionary models. Rates of molecular change often vary among plant families and orders in a manner that violates the assumption of a simple molecular clock. Finally, protein-coding genes exhibit patterns of amino acid change that appear to depend on protein structure, and these patterns may reveal subtle aspects of structure/function relationships.† (Clegg, 1994) Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) which is a technique that analyzes the lengths of DNA fragments using an enzyme that cuts a specific sequence that carries a particular recognition site.   The presence or absence of the sire identifies the DNA sequence in the sample.   RFLP is one of the original applications, though it is in use to a lesser degree as newer techniques prove more efficient in DNA analysis and because it is more easily contaminated than newer techniques. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Analysis is capable of amplifying tiny samples of DNA and allows for degraded samples to be analyzed.   It is also easily contaminated so great care must be taken in the collection and preservation of the samples. Short Tandem Repeat (STR) Analysis evaluates specific regions of nuclear DNA because the variability of the regions are used to distinguish DNA profiles from one another.   It is with this technology that the FBI uses a standard set of 13 regions to match DNA profiles to individuals in real cases as well as on television shows using the national CODIS database. (HGP, 2004) Conclusion Therefore, only highly skilled, educated and trained professionals should be hired for this purpose. Skilled professionals, reliable procedures, well working equipments should be used. Scientists should be trained and educated about the new techniques and methods and their validity so that they may take accurate decisions. While discussing such an important topic, it’s very crucial to understand the mechanisms of Gene transfer. Here the question arises why would genes be transferred to the nucleus in the first place? What selective advantage could there be etc.   One opinion in this regard is that when a gene moves from the chloroplast to the nucleus, there is a change in context from an asexual to a sexual genome. Recombination can then take place to reduce genetic load (Race et al. 1999). The case in plants is, however, different, i.e. much lower. Concluding the matter, it can be stated that, understanding chloroplast genomes and mechanisms of gene regulation will be of utmost importance in future. Though a lot of work has already been done but there’s still the room for improvement. References Dear Customer: I have finally revised this document as per your request. If you need further help then don’t hesitate to contact me. Don’t forget to add positive feedback if you like this work. Please note down my email and delete this message. Thank you! From Writer: Sam Shf [[emailprotected]] Barbrook, A.C., Lockhart, P.J. and Howe, C.J. (1998) Phylogenetic analysis of plastid origins based on secA sequences. Current Genetics. 34:336-341 Briscoe, Katie. Plant cell plastids. Retrieved from http://sun.menloschool.org/~cweaver/cells/c/plastids/ Clegg, M.T., Cummings, M.P. and Durbin, M. (1997) The evolution of plant nuclear genes. PNAS USA. 94:7791-7798 Clegg, M.T., Gaut, B.S., Learn Jr., G.H. and Morton, B. (1994) Rates and patterns of chloroplast DNA evolution. PNAS USA. 6795-6801 Curtis, S. and Clegg, M.T. (1984) Molecular evolution of chloroplast DNA sequences. Mol. Biol. Evol. 1:291-301 Delwiche, C.F., Kuhsel, M. and Palmer, J.D. (1995) Phylogenetic analysis of tufA sequences indicates a cyanobacterial origin of all plastids. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 4:110-128 Doolittle WF, Boucher Y, Nesbà ¸ CL, Douady CJ, Andersson JO, Roger AJ. How big is the iceberg of which organellar genes in nuclear genomes are but the tip? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2003;358:39–58. [PubMed] [Free Full Text] Golenberg, E.M., Clegg, M.T., Durbin, M.L., Doebley, J. Ma, D.P. (1993) Evolution of a noncoding region of the chloroplast genome. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2:52-64 Gray, M. (1989) The evolutionary origins of organelles. TIG. 5: John A Raven 1 and John F Allen2. Genomics and chloroplast evolution: what did cyanobacteria do for plants? Genome Biol. 2003; 4(3): 209. Published online 2003 March 3. Copyright  © 2003 BioMed Central Ltd Joyce, P.B.M. and Gray, M.W. (1989) Chloroplast-like transfer RNA genes expressed in wheat mitochondria. Nucleic Acids research. 17:5461-5476. Human Genome Project. DNA Forensics. September 2004. ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/forensics.shtml Lockhart, P.J., Howe, C.J., Bryant, D.A., Beanland, T.J. and Larkum, A.W.D. (1992) Substitutional bias confounds inference of cyanelle origins from sequence data. J. Mol. Evol. 34:153-162 Mereschkowsky C. ÃÅ"ber Natur und Ursprung der Chromatophoren im Pflanzenreiche. Biol Centralbl. 1905;25:593–604. M T Clegg, B S Gaut, G H Learn, Jr, and B R Morton (1994). Rates and patterns of chloroplast DNA evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. v.91(15); Jul 19, 1994 Molnar, Sebastian (1999) Chloroplast Genetics. Retrieved from geocities.com/we_evolve/Plants/chloroplast.html Morton, B.R. (1995) Neighbouring base composition and transversion/transition bias in a comparison of rice and maize chloroplast noncoding regions. PNAS USA. 92:9717-9721 Morton, B.R. (1999) Strand asymmetry and codon bias in the chloroplast genome of Euglena gracilis. PNAS USA. 96:5123-5128 Penny, D. and OKelly, C.J. (1991) Seeds of a universal tree. Nature. 350:106-107 Race, H., Hermann, R.G. and Martin, W. (1999) Why have organelles retained genomes? TIG. 15:364-370 Stoebe, B. and Kowallik, K.L. (1999) Gene-cluster analysis in chloroplast genomics. TIG. 15:344-347 Turmel, M., Otis, C. and Lemieux, C. (1999) The complete chloroplast DNA sequence of the green alga Nephrselmis olivacea: insights into the architecture of ancestral chloroplast genomes. PNAS USA. 96:10248-10253 Zhuo Wang, Xin-Guang Zhu, Yazhu Chen, Yuanyuan Li, Jing Hou, Yixue Li   and Lei Liu  ,  (2006) Exploring photosynthesis evolution by comparative analysis of metabolic networks between chloroplasts and photosynthetic bacteria

Inamo restaurant in London Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

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Book Review about US History up to 1877 - Essay Example Whereas shorter and supplementary centered, "The Awakening" stays put an excellent review of a crucial era of historic political establishments such as setting up of American nationality and governance structures. An Overview of the then American society Dangerfield indicates the enlargement of both economic chauvinism and egalitarian nationalism and how these contradictory forces destabilized any hopes for an epoch of excellent feelings in the country’s politics. In case an individual is interested in understanding the significant political stage between the conclusions of the War of 1812 in addition to the Jacksonian time, this is an exceptional overview and, unsurpassed of all, is a simple read. The aim of this paper is to provide an evaluation of the history of the United States up to 1877. The evaluation of these crucial historical moments will be accomplished through the review of the book ‘The awakening of American nationalism, 1815-1828’ that was written b y Dangerfield, George (Livermore 595). Democracy and nationhood The book titled ‘The awakening of American nationalism, 1815-1828,’ perfectly covers the historic events that were crucial in the evolution of the United States during that particular period. ... The reader is treated to a simplistic evaluation of matters revolving the United States in the early 1800s, which then was a young nation nascent democratic structure. Livermore (596) believes a fortuitous and new retelling of the narrative of the surfacing of American nationalism is presented. By any approach the years subsequent to the tranquility of Ghent, an epoch inaugurated by what has been supposedly referred to as â€Å"the era of good feelings," must be measured an instance of outstanding growth and expansion in the United States. Above all, it may be well thought-out a point in time of the fruition and maturing of American nationalism. It is the extraordinary good quality of Dangerfield's sparkling synthesis of the stage that he manages to maintain the focus on this innermost theme-the challenge among the economic nationalism talked about by Henry Clay along with John Quincy Adams and the autonomous nationalism illustrated by the enthusiasts of Andrew Jackson. That he does so without disregarding America's position in global affairs and chiefly the mounting economic contention with Britain, nor devoid of diminishing the parts participated by the foremost actors on the countrywide stage, attests the impartial judgment as well as sense of amounts that are obvious throughout the book. In fact, it is the disagreement of the American trade and industrial nationalism in the midst of the Liberal Toryism of Lord Liverpool as well as William Huskisson that this manuscript delineates with outstanding brightness and depth. Dangerfield, a great craftsman, competently weaves numerous and different yarns into one wonderful tapestry. By digging deep into the roles of several individuals who were the key players in the history of America