View on the American History Through The Name of War by Jill Lepore Essay

View on the American History Through The Name of War by Jill Lepore - Essay Example The essayist plans to cause the peruser to see how the English individuals and the Indians endure the King Phillips war (1675-1676) and how the two clans restored after the war. The author says that the war was one of the most blazing wars in American history and a greater number of setbacks than some other war. Indians had assaulted twenty-five English towns which were the greater part the provincial towns and, therefore, pushed the English fringe back to the Atlantic coast (Lepore 54). In light of this assault, the England locals executed a large number of Indians and encompassed their towns guaranteeing they starved to death because of yearning and ailments. The locals additionally delivered away from the survivors into subjugation in the West Indies. The author of the book portrays the occasions in an interesting way that catches the perusers' brain and prompts the peruser to trust her contentions. The war exhibits the encounters of the British colonialists and the locals that establish the framework for the opposition between the Europeans and the Indians over control of the landmass. The essayist additionally condemns and amends different chronicles compose when she says that the book is an investigation of war and furthermore an investigation of how others expound on war. The intended interest group if the book is the Native Americans and the Indians and the author continually helps them to remember the incomplete and parochial nature of memory and history. Jill composes from a hypothetically educated point of view in spite of the fact that her utilization regarding words makes the story intriguing and even pushes one to think as though it is from an observer. Her story centers around the real factors of the war rather than what individuals might suspect or what other narrative proof have appeared. In contrast to numerous different students of history, she covers the prompt reasons for the threats that came about into the war and portrays the story as an unbiased gathering. She uncovers that the English were not the survivors of the war since they basically actuated the war (Lepore 147).â

Guide for Writing Project Proposals

Guide for Writing Project Proposals This is an outline of how to compose great, brief proposition for course extends. The focal point of this rundown is on programming or usage ventures, yet the general thoughts can be applied to most proposition. The suggested lengths of areas are given accepting an archive length of 2 to 5 pages. Utilize proper scaling for longer proposition records. Test Outline coming up next is an example plot for an undertaking proposal.Note that all inquiries for a segment may not make a difference to your proposition, and ought to be utilized as a general guide in particular. 1. Presentation (1 or 2 passages) 1. Inspiration Sentence 2. Sum up the issue (1 or 2 sentences) 3. Sum up the arrangement (1 or 2 sentences) 4. Depict organization of rest of proposition (segments, and so forth ) 2. Inspiration (1 to 3 sections) 1. What is the historical backdrop of the issue? 2. For what reason is this issue fascinating? 3. When and for what reason does the issue happe n? 4. Is the difficult previously understood? What is done at this point? 5.Are there any comparable frameworks or answers for the one you propose? Provided that this is true, reference and quickly clarify them. 6. Are there are potential upgrades to current arrangements? 3. Task Summary (1 passage) 1. What as a rule will this venture accomplish? (Try not to dive into subtleties or courses of events. ) 4. Venture Details 1. Design and Environment (2-3 passages + figures) 1. Depict the venture condition (programming, equipment, dialects, associations, and so forth ) 2. Graphs and figures are helpful here if suitable. . What programming, equipment, or apparatuses will you use? 2. Usage Issues and Challenges (2-3 sections) 1. What will be the most troublesome issues and difficulties in the usage? 2. How are you utilizing or broadening current devices/frameworks for your concern? 3. What makes your task one of a kind? 3. Expectations (3-5 passages †point-structure might be utilized for a portion of the depiction) 1. What will the undertaking produce? (program, report, and so forth ) 2. Depict in relative detail the highlights of every one of the venture's items. 3.You may wish to isolate expectations into stages and show discretionary parts given time. 4. Stress what your venture contributes or accomplishes! 4. Course of events (1 passage †point-structure is reasonable) 1. Give an expected course of events of venture expectations and significant dates. 5. End (1 passage) 1. Sum up the undertaking including the issue, inspiration, and proposed arrangement, and re-state significant (arranged) commitments. 6. References 1. Rundown references used to assemble proposition and references that will be utilized for venture (if definitely known).

Essay Topics on Health and Fitness

Essay Topics on Health and FitnessThe subjects that are covered in essays for health and fitness can be varied depending on the theme of the essay. However, the focus must remain on good writing skills, as these should be maintained throughout the entire writing process. Writing an essay is very difficult, and it takes time to perfect the style and content that go into the essay.Essay topics on health and fitness can involve one or more topics. It is common that an essay would cover several topics depending on the topic of the essay. Topics can also vary depending on the type of health-related topics that are written about. For example, health topics could include medical terms, such as metabolism, blood sugar levels, food allergies, and blood pressure.While all health issues have a common thread, there are a few things that they all share. Most all medical conditions are caused by specific deficiencies, abnormalities, imbalances, or weaknesses in the body. Therefore, any health topi c can contain articles that deal with nutrition, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, and protein.People who suffer from illnesses or disease usually lead a generally unhealthy lifestyle. Having the proper health education and knowledge will go a long way to helping someone avoid the ill effects of an unhealthy lifestyle. There are many ways to gain the knowledge on nutrition is one of them.Health topics can also include discussing how the human body processes foods. A few topics that might include are the different types of food that the body can process. Also, the different nutrients that help the body process food and the level of these nutrients the body uses in processing food.Health topics on health can also include information on prevention, diet, and fitness and cardio. While these topics may not be used to 'sell' products, they are useful information for those who would like to learn more about their health. The information provided in these topics can help the reader l earn about proper nutrition, vitamins, and proper exercise.These are just a few topics that can be included in health and fitness essays. There are other topics that can be discussed, but they are not as common as the other topics. An essay for health and fitness should not only contain topics on health, but should also be written in a manner that educates and entertains the reader. An interesting essay can be composed, as long as the content is well written and coherent.Information can be obtained from a variety of sources, and it is essential that a person chooses the right resource for finding the best health and fitness topics for essays. A person should consider several different resources before selecting the best possible resource for the topic. Articles from magazines, websites, books, and educational programs can all be effective sources of health and fitness topics.

Abelard and Aquinas Essay - 713 Words

Peter Abelard was a renowned dialectician from 1079 to 1142. He subjected theological doctrines to logical analysis. In other words, he used rational argument to discover truth. Saint Thomas Aquinas, was a believer in the power of reason, giving St. Augustines theory an alternate approach. He taught in Paris and Italy during the years 1225 to 1274. Both of these new age thinkers changed the way Catholic followers viewed the natural world. Peter Abelard was one of the new thinkers that applied scholasticism to his theological aspects. According to the excerpt Scholastic thinkers assumed that some teachings of Christianity, which thy accepted as true by faith, could also be demonstrated to be true by reason (238). Peter†¦show more content†¦His greatest work was Summa Theologica. In this work he attempted to merge faith with reason, and the works of Aristotle with the scriptures. Historically, he is seen as an alternate approach to St. Augustines view of the city of man versus the city of God. Augustine and Aquinas shared the belief that the original sin was Adam and Eves venture through the garden of good and evil. On page 239, Aquinas held that both faith and reason came from God, they were not in opposition to each other; properly understood, they supported each other.. He did not want people to shun the idea of reason, he wanted the world to see that it was not evil. Combining Christianity with Aristotelian knowledge, he shed light upon the difficulty to distinguish common ground between the natural world and the supernatural world. The excerpt is divided into two different sections, Whether, Besides the Philosophical Sciences, Any Further Doctrine Is Required? and Whether God Exists?. In the second section he proves five ways God exists by using Aristotles technique in philosophy, they are motion, nature of efficient cause, possibility and necessity, the graduation to be found in things, and the governance of the world. The way he words his logic is extremely confusing. For example, Now it is not possible that the same thing should be at one in actuality and potentiality in the same respect, but only in different respects. For what is actually hot cannotShow MoreRelatedThe Main Controversies of Medieval Thought in the 12th and 13th Centuries1050 Words   |  5 Pagesthat the two truths of faith and reason were irreconcilable. Maimonides was at the same time an orthodox Jew and a firm adherent to Aristotelian philosophy. He was therefore in the same position as his Christian counterparts, particularly Thomas Aquinas, and faced the problem of combining the two. The result of his meditations on the issue is expressed in his Guide of the Perplexed, which appeared in approximately 1190. Maimonides stated that since God was responsible for the existence of both faithRead MoreMontaigne and Augustine1359 Words   |  6 Pagesorder to begin to find peace and wholeness with God. Thus it matters greatly as to whom we side with for that decision is truly a reflection of how we see the human state to be; inherently good or inherently evil. Through the eyes of Thomas Aquinas and Rene Descartes, we shall take in the landscape of Medieval and Renaissance philosophy in a micro/macro cosmic relationship that is, how their philosophies mirrored the thoughts and feelings of the given period. On one hand, an aspect of medievalRead More Christinaity In Middle Ages Essay1143 Words   |  5 PagesThis led to a greater desire for knowledge, and the beginning of Scholasticism, which was the theory of conforming classical philosophy and Christian faith. Peter Abelard was a forerunner of conceptual discovery by studying and organizing philosophies that would answer the questions of Scholasticism. In addition to Abelard, St. Thomas Aquinas created the Summa Theologica where he confirmed the foundations of faith. People embraced these theories because they allowed people to investigate their faithRead More Middle Ages Essay712 Words   |  3 Pagesschools gave towns lawyers, judges and capable local officials. Other schools like the University of Paris taught scholars literature and theology. The breed of Renaissance thinking was most likely developed in such places. Scholars like Peter Abelard and Thomas Aquinas led an interest in the study of classical Greek and Roman philoso phy. This interest, along with challenged perspectives of the time eventually led to modern science. Guilds, as afore-mentioned, were monopolistic practices over certain tradesRead MoreEssay on Discussion of the Existence of God767 Words   |  4 Pagesreligion reasons. On the other hand, other people do not believe in God existence and they have based their proven by many theories and scientific points. Many people have tried to prove Gods existence with rational argument. Like Aquinas, Abelard, Pascal, Anselm and Paley are a few that have attempted this. These approaches are of limited helpfulness, for though we can approach God with our reason and detect him in nature. More importantly, these logical proofs for Gods existence Read MoreTypes Of Christian Ethics By H.richard Niebuhr1677 Words   |  7 Pagesregarded as republications of the law of reason or nature† (22). In that way, the Christian values learned from Jesus are accommodated to the values of moral reason. Historical exemplars of this attitude include the Clement of Alexandria , Peter Abelard , the eighteenth-century rationalists (i.e., John Locke ),and liberal theologians (i.e., Fredrich Schleiermacher) and cultural Protestant theologians of the 18th and 19th centuries (i.e., Albrecht Ritschl). (2.3)-(2.5): The Median Types (ppRead MoreIs Proof Needed in Order for God to Exist2258 Words   |  10 Pagesthis may be enough evidence for most people to some all this evidence would be worthless, because the person has already concluded that ghost or spirits do not exist. Of course many have tried to prove Gods existence with rational arguments. Aquinas, Abelard, Anselm, Pascal, and Paley are a few that have attempted this. These approaches are of limited helpfulness, for though we can approach God with our reason and detect Him in nature, he cannot be fully grasped in this way. More importantly, theseRead Morehistory of philosophy5031 Words   |  21 Pagesstarting from effects and reasoning up to their causes. This took the form of the  cosmological argument, conventionally attributed to  St. Thomas Aquinas. The argument roughly is that everything that exists has a cause. But since there could not be an infinite chain of causes back into the past, there must have been an uncaused first cause. This is God. Aquinas also adapted this argument to prove the goodness of God. Everything has some goodness, and the cause of each thing is better than the thing causedRead MoreBranches of Philosophy8343 Words   |  34 Pagesits relation to various polit ical systems[8]. In this period the crucial features of the philosophical method were established: a critical approach to received or established views, and the appeal to reason and argumentation. [pic] [pic] St. Thomas Aquinas [edit] Medieval philosophy (c. A.D. 500–c. 1350) Main article: Medieval philosophy Medieval philosophy is the philosophy of Western Europe and the Middle East during what is now known as the medieval era or the Middle Ages, roughly extending fromRead MorePhilosophy and Christian Theology8519 Words   |  35 Pagesof the Christian faith. Thus, the legitimacy of philosophy was derived from the legitimacy of the underlying faith commitments. Into the High Middle Ages, Augustine s views were widely defended. It was during this time however that St. Thomas Aquinas described another model for the relationship between philosophy and theology. According to the Thomistic model, philosophy and theology are distinct enterprises. The primary difference between the two is their intellectual starting points. Philosophy

The Usa Patriot Act An Act Of Political Upheaval

Sean P. Cooper POLI 308 – US Presidency Newman 18 November 2014 THE USA PATRIOT ACT – An Act of Political Upheaval This paper will focus on the background, purpose, implementation, major criticisms, and current standing of the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act (hereafter referred to as the USA PATRIOT Act). The USA PATRIOT Act is currently one of the most controversial and divisive political doctrines that exist in modern day America supported and vexed by the entire political spectrum for various reasoning. Although in its inception it was met with staggering approval and support, over time skepticism and fear of an ever-increasing strain on civil rights†¦show more content†¦Understanding the USA PATRIOT Act requires a look at the United States government and its functions prior to the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. The government response system was disjointed and ill prepared for a situation such as this: multiple simultaneous hijackings o f commercial airline planes being used as missiles to eliminate a target. Individuals in the FAA had never experienced multiple hijackings over American soil; therefore, little existed to thwart and counteract these actions (9/11, 10). When the first plane struck the world trade center, neither the President nor any of his staff or advisors knew any planes had been hijacked, nor did they know that the plane had struck the tower. According to the 9/11 Commission Report on the morning of the terrorist attacks President George W. Bush kept informed and in contact through a series of phone calls rather than with an â€Å"open line of communication.† Not only did this limit the speed of communication, but it also eliminated the President’s ability to quickly assemble top advisers and agencies to further combat this issue. The government did not even know that flight 93 had been hijacked until after it crashed at 10:03 A.M., a little under an hour after it had been taken ove r by terrorists (9/11, 40-45). Very little existed in ways of interstate and interagency communication before,

Comparing Spring Offensive and Into Battle Essay - 1237 Words

Comparing Spring Offensive and Into Battle These are two poems written during the First World War by two serving soldiers. They use their own experience of war, their personal and family backgrounds and their previously held beliefs in writing these powerful poems, both of which were published during the conflict. The first poem Spring Offensive was written in 1917 by Wilfred Owen and the second Into Battle by Julian Grenfell was completed in 1915. These poems used the contrast between the new life of spring, with the promise of warmer days to follow and the destruction and brutality of death on the battlefield. In Owens poem he uses spring as a short introduction to the scene and leads quite suddenly into the horror†¦show more content†¦In the poem I think that it comes across that he did not like fighting. He thought that it was unnecessary and he did not want to be there. In the first few verses they are waiting for a long time and the soldiers become very agitated. It makes me feel like they almost want the battle to start now and get it over and done with. When the battle starts they know that they might die and this frightens them and they become angry. They think about the people that are going to go to die and they imagine what hell is going to be like. Breasted the surf of bullets, or went up on the hot blast and fury of hells upsurge. The soldiers who survived felt guilty and ashamed even though they were relieved to be alive. Long famous glories, immemorial shames - Why speak not they of comrades that went under? To me these quotes all suggest a feeling of guilt that the soldiers shared. Into Battle suggests that it is wonderful to fight in the war and if you do not fight then you might as well be dead and he is dead who will not fight. He glosses over all the bad and negative things of war and concentrates on the good andShow MoreRelatedThe Invasion Of France During World War II2549 Words   |  11 PagesAt the beginning of spring 1944, the Allies had an aim to mislead the Nazis about the location of the invasion of France with Operation Bodyguard; Hitler was deceived into thinking that the real invasion, which took place on the beaches of Normandy was actually a diversion, and he believed the attacks would actually occur at Pas-de-Calais. Afterwards, in June 6, 1944 the Allies started Operation Overlord with the attack against the Nazi-occupied France above the beaches of Normandy. (Unit 5) EvenRead MoreWar Strategies And Tactics Used By Hannibal3664 Words   |  15 PagesTopic: War strat egies and tactics used by Hannibal Research Question: To what extent does Hannibal utilize the the battle strategies in Sun Tzu’s Art of War (Rough Draft) â€Å"The art of war is of vital importance to the State. It is a matter of life and death, a road either to safety or to ruin. Hence it is a subject of inquiry which can on no account be neglected.† War is an art that reveals the true strength of a leader. Sun Tzu; the author of the indispensable handbook that has occupied kingsRead MoreThe Battle of Britain Essay5809 Words   |  24 PagesThe Battle of Britain As the cold hand of death swept over the remnants of France, British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, orated on the imminent battle that would rage over his homeland and the foreboding struggle for survival that was now facing Britain: The Battle of France is over. I expect that the Battle of Britain is about to begin†¦ The whole fury and might of the enemy must very soon be turned on us. Hitler knows that he will have to break us in this island or lose the war. If we canRead MoreWorld Religions Midterm 14746 Words   |  19 Pagesargument for the existence of God and one argument against the existence of God.   Explain each argument and show why it is potentially helpful or dangerous for the theist.   Then, explain which of these arguments you find more convincing, and why. 2.Comparing Religions: Compare the worldview of one of the monotheistic religions we have discussed with one other religion we have studied, mono or polytheistic.   Explain three specific points of similarity and three clear differences in each world view.   GivenRead MoreMiss23262 Words   |  94 PagesCompanies, 2010 Analysis is the critical starting point of strategic thinking. — Kenichi Ohmae Consultant and Author Things are always different—the art is figuring out which differences matter. — Laszlo Birinyi Investments Manager Competitive battles should be seen not as one-shot skirmishes but as a dynamic multiround game of moves and countermoves. — Anil K. Gupta Professor I n the opening paragraph of Chapter 1, we said that one of the three central questions that managers must addressRead MoreGeneral Electric60506 Words   |  243 Pagesnarrowly. 3. Markets are usually diverse enough to offer competitors sufficient latitude to avoid look-alike strategies. 4. At companies intent on gaining sales and market share at the expense of competitors, managers lean toward most offensive strategies while conservative risk-avoiding companies prefer a sound defense to an aggressive offense. 5. There is no shortage of opportunity to fashion a strategy that tightly fits a company’s own particular situation and that is discerniblyRead MoreThe Cork Industry, the Wine Industry, and the Need for Closure.† Answer the 10 Questions at the End of the Case5516 Words   |  23 Pagesowing to the mutual efforts of the European Union (EU) and various environmental groups, is expected to increase due to the active efforts to protect existing forests and sponsorship of significant new plantings. Cork bark is removed from trees in spring or summer. At this time of year the cork comes away easily from the trunk because the tree is growing, the new, tender cork cells being generated break easily. Harvest difficulties occur if the process is not carried out when the tree is in full growthRead MoreStp Market Segmentation6064 Words   |  25 Pagestarget market. For the Indian segment Ford made some changes in its cars in comparison to their European version. Modifications such as: - a. Higher ground clearance to make the car compatible to the rougher road surface in India. b. Stiffer rear springs to enable negotiating the ubiquitous potholes on Indian roads. c. Changes in cooling requirement, with greater airflow to the rear. d. Higher resistance to dust. e. Compatibility of engine with the quality of fuel available in India. f. LocationRead MorePeculiarities of Euphemisms in English and Difficulties in Their Translation19488 Words   |  78 PagesProfessor Ernest Weekley speaks of euphemism as that form of speech which avoids calling things by their names and observes that it results from various human instincts which range from religious reverence down to common decency. Often, I fear, it springs from nothing so decent as either reverence or decency: too often it is an indication of prudery or an exaggerated genteelism. It is quite clear that if there were no synonyms, there would be no euphemisms - and no obscenity ( Rees N.,2007,p.77).Read MoreMarket Segmentation9161 Words   |  37 Pages For the Indian segment Ford made some changes in its cars in comparison to their European version. Modifications such as: a. Higher ground clearance to make the car compatible to the rougher road surface in India. ~ 4 ~ b. Stiffer rear springs to enable negotiating the ubiquitous potholes on roads. c. Changes in cooling requirement, with greater airflow to the rear. d. Higher resistance to dust. e. Compatibility of engine with the quality of fuel available in India. Indian f. Location

Evidence Based Human Resource Management †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Evidence Based Human Resource Management? Answer: Introducation Evidence based human resource management is the act of making decision of human resource with the help of evidence that will support the decision making aspect of a company (Marler Fisher, 2013). Evidence based human resource management is based on data and relevant facts which will help justifying the decisions taken by the human resource management team. Evidence based decision-making is one of the most effective decision making processes and it enhances the capabilities of the human resource team in making the decisions and helps in aligning the goals and strategies of the organization. The human resource policies should be based on what has worked previously rather taking decisions, which may work (Verbrigghe Buyens, 2015). Evidence helps to increase the credibility of the decision by providing data, which can prove the effectiveness of the decision-making statement. Moreover, with the usage of statistics and other forms of data analysis the human resource team is able to make the decisions more consistent than before. The critical analysis of the problems will help to mitigate the problems to a better extent. However, the process is time consuming and takes a skilled people to analyze the evidence. Workforce innovation Parker, S. K. (2014). Beyond motivation: Job and work design for development, health, ambidexterity, and more.Annual review of psychology,65, 661-691. Parker, S. K., Morgeson, F. P., Johns, G. (2017). One hundred years of work design research: Looking back and looking forward.Journal of applied psychology,102(3), 403. This two are the articles, which will help Tobin to pitch the usage of innovation in the work design. Innovation in work design helps in transforming the experience of the human environment at work. The innovative design would include analysis of the practices at work, research and design, modelling of the service system technologies, processes in business and development of concept (DiSalvo, 2017). This processes helps in improvement of the workforce design and help the employees to be more productive. Motivation of the workforce is very important for the production of the company and employees are the assets of the organization. Moreover, it it seen that when the workforce is happy then the level of production increase. Mark French wants to bring in innovation within the organization and Tobin has presented an opportunity to initiate a plan of action (Parker, 2014). The first article shows how change in the design of the workforce helps an organization to bring in motivation among the employees. The article shows how the work force design has changed over the years and what are the implications of using innovation in workforce design. Mark French is concerned about the stagnant nature of their organization and Tobin can use these articles to make him believe that usage of innovation in human resource management is a stepping-stone for the organization (Parker, Morgeson Johns, 2017). Globalization has made the workforce very competitive and the companies will have to keep innovating if they want to keep their competitive advantage. CRAP test The two articles that has been mentioned in the above context are current topics and was released in the last couple of years. This is a secondary source of information, which provides with the information about the usage of innovation in the workforce culture of the organization (LeBlanc Quintiliano, 2015). The article provides detail information regarding the usage of innovation and how it can help to enhance the motivation in the culture of the workforce in the organization. Human resource management is one of the most important aspects of the organization and effective changes in the workforce will definitely benefit an organization. Both the articles mentioned in the above context are relevant as they provide us with the in depth knowledge about the changes that took place in the work force design. The article shows how the design in the workforce has changed significantly in the past decade. The research of the workforce design will show how human resource management has progr essed and what measures can be used to make it more innovative. Parker has been instrumental in this research topics and has done research on similar (Burgoyne Chuppa-Cornell, 2015). There are other persons who have helped him in this research projects and these articles provide us with the in depth analysis of using innovation in the workforce of the organization. The articles are trying to educate the modern society about the importance of the human resource mange net practices and how they can be used to change the organization. The change that is most important is the internal change within the organization and the companies will be able to achieve success if they follow the procedures mentioned in this articles. The articles contain a lot of information, which can definitely can bring about a drastic change in the innovation process of the organization (Hoffman et al., 2017). The various method which are used for changing the workforce of the organization are mentioned in the articles and if these methods can be properly executed an organization can change the dynamics of the company. These articles are reviewed by reliable sources and there are lot of researchers who agree to this philosophy. The articles are written for understanding of the companies who mostly ignore the importance of the workforce culture. The dynamics of the workforce is unknown to a lot of people and they are not aware of the importance of the usage of the human resource management in an organization (Allan, 2017). However, innovation within an organization starts form the workforce and it can make significant contribution in changing the overall dynamics of the organization. Various has been conducted on this topic and with the advent of the modern era the companies are able to realize the importance of the innovation in the workforce. Thus, more and more companies are making usage of the innovation in the workforce culture to change the dynamics of the workforce culture within th e organization. Both this articles deals with the psychology and shows how it can used to understand the perspective of the employees and how their overall work experience can be made better by introducing in the management structure (Sandercock, 2017). Conclusion The information that will be sued in the practices of the organization is evidence based as it will provide in depth knowledge about the methods and success criterias. Evidence based human resource management is very useful as it provides better result that the other traditional methods. Therefore, the organization will have to make usage of the information that has been gathered from the evidence to make a better business plan of action. The information can be used as a credibility tool, which will help in mitigating of the risk factors that will be involved in the execution of the innovative pattern within the organization. There is guarantee that the evidence based will work for sure but there is no guarantee that the tradition methods will work or not. Thus, it will be beneficial that evidence based method is used as the source of information for the practices used by the organization. However, the usage of the evidence based management schemes are time consuming and will take mo re time than the traditional methods to analyze the situation. Reference Allan, M. (2017). Information literacy and Confirmation Bias: You can lead a person to information, but can you make him think?. Burgoyne, M. B., Chuppa-Cornell, K. (2015). Beyond embedded: Creating an online-learning community integrating information literacy and composition courses.The Journal of Academic Librarianship,41(4), 416-421. DiSalvo, C. (2017). Design, When Everybody Designs: An Introduction to Design for Social Innovation.Design Issues,33(1), 94-95. Hoffman, N., Hoffman, N., Beatty, S., Beatty, S., Feng, P., Feng, P., ... Lee, J. (2017). Teaching research skills through embedded librarianship.Reference Services Review,45(2), 211-226. LeBlanc, R. E., Quintiliano, B. (2015). Recycling CRAP: Reframing a Popular Research Mnemonic for Library Instruction.Pennsylvania Libraries,3(2), 115. Marler, J. H., Fisher, S. L. (2013). An evidence-based review of e-HRM and strategic human resource management.Human Resource Management Review,23(1), 18-36. Parker, S. K. (2014). Beyond motivation: Job and work design for development, health, ambidexterity, and more.Annual review of psychology,65, 661-691. Parker, S. K., Morgeson, F. P., Johns, G. (2017). One hundred years of work design research: Looking back and looking forward.Journal of applied psychology,102(3), 403. Sandercock, Patricia. "Instructor perceptions of student information literacy: comparing international IL models to reality."Journal of Information Literacy10, no. 1 (2016): 3-29. Verbrigghe, J., Buyens, D. (2015). Adding value and HRM practice: evidence-based HR. InHuman resource management practices: assessing added value(pp. 15-30). Springer.

Panic Attacks free essay sample

Beryls father had died 5 years ago and her mother had recently been diagnosed with having dementia. Beryl was seeing her GP on a regular basis, seeking re-assurance with chest pains. She had undergone a number of medical tests and her physical health was good for her age. The Assessment Beryl reported that she first experienced panic attacks as a teenager, and could remember difficult arguments with her father. Her GP prescribed medication for anxiety and panic attacks when she was in her early twenties, during a stressful time in her work environment, being married with 2 small children and running a home. The work situation was not resolved and Beryl was eventually made redundant. She remained at home, looking after the children and her husband. Beryls father died when she in her thirties, which left Beryl feeling responsible for her mother, who could not adjust to losing her husband. The Approach Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT) was selected because it can teach the client how to replace negative thinking with positive thinking and uses cognitive exercises to dispel irrational beliefs. We will write a custom essay sample on Panic Attacks or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the initial assessment, there was clear evidence that Beryl wanted to make a change and she was keen to engage in homework tasks. She was able to focus on the relevant issues for therapy and her treatment goals were discussed and agreed. At times of increased stress for Beryl, a vicious cycle was activated, involving fear, physical symptoms, catastrophic interpretations of bodily sensations, and safety behaviours. Treatment work addressed the panic attacks which, in turn, led to a shift with the agoraphobic symptoms. The validity of Beryls catastrophic interpretations was tested out through discussion and ehavioural experiments. Alternative non-catastrophic thinking was introduced and safety behaviours were identified and decreased. Throughout therapy, Beryl was encouraged to keep a diary to identify her unhelpful thinking which led to her negative feelings and behaviour. She was also encouraged to talk about her fears which enabled Beryl to see that they were unfounded. Conclusio n Due to Beryls high level of motivation, therapy progressed well and only 8 sessions of REBT were appropriate to bring about lasting change.

The Transformation of Collective Security Essay Example

The Transformation of Collective Security Essay Example The Transformation of Collective Security Essay The Transformation of Collective Security Essay Security is primarily an issue of a nations relations with other states or a group of states. This relationship among states which feel threatened by each other is exposed to the security dilemma. 6 It is generally argued that the security of nations cannot be defined in general terms, nor can it be determined objectively. 7 Definitions depend on states perception about threats and safety. Therefore, on security no precise definition has ever been achieved and probably never will be. 8 There appears to be almost a studied vagueness about the precise definition of terms such as security. This complexity is also related to the problem of which areas of life are the subject of security. In this regard, theoretical debate occurs between two views of security approach to security, the traditionalists, it is argued that identifying security issues is easy as they equate security with military issues and the use of force. 10 Traditionalists also strongly oppose the widening of security stud ies, as by such logic, issues like pollution, disease, child abuse or economic 5 Till, pop. Cit. , in note 1, p. 96. The security dilemma refers to the notion that a states efforts to increase its security by threatening another state, which then responds with steps to increase its own security, paradoxically erodes the first states security. See C. A. Checkup, The Case for Collective Security, in Downs, G. W. (De), Collective Security beyond the Cold War, ( USA: University of Michigan Press, 1994), up. 41-69. 7 A. V. Sausage, The Security of Western Europe, (London: Sherwood Press, 1985), p. 2. 8 C. Then, Problems of Transition in J. Alfred et al, Europe in Western Alliance, (London: MacMillan Press, 1988), p. 7. 9 G. Edwards and B. Burrows, The Defense of Western Europe , (Norfolk: Butterscotch, 1982), p. 91. 10 B. Abuzz et al, Security , A New Framework for Analysis, , ( London: Lonely Runnier pub. 1998), p. 3. 6 3 recessions could be viewed as threats to security. Here we see that the traditionalist view regards only military and political subjects as the focus of studies in the security field. Yet, this approach has entered an impasse and led to increasing dissatisfaction in explaining the events taking place in the international arena later on. As pointed out by one of the proponents of the wider approach, this dissatisfaction was stimulated first by the rise of the economic and environmental agendas in international relations during the sass and the sass and later by the rise of concerns with identity issues and transnational crime during the sass. 11 Today it is obvious that this narrow definition does not fully cover the parameters of the new security environment in the aftermath of the end of the Cold War. With the end of the Cold War and the break-up of the Soviet Union, the political and intellectual climate has changed. Studies in this regard have articulated very different views about how to define the concept of security. The narrow definition of security tends to focus on material capabilities and the use of military force by states. This, however, contrasts with the distinctions among military, political, economic, social, and environmental security threats. 12 Thus, with this transforming understanding of what security means today, the advocates of the wider approach concentrate on discussing the dynamics of security in five sectors, that is, military, political, economic, environmental and societal. This methodological framework also seems to better serve distinguishing security issues as hard and soft. 14 Faced with such a unavoidable due to the different analytical perspectives on the issue. Yet, in view of the presence of security risks of different natures, it is, at least from the practical point of view, a fact that security at present should be regarded as not merely, or even mainly, a matter 11 Ibid. , p. 2. P. J. Austenite (De), The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in Word Politics , (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), up. -9. 13 See the introduction in Suzan, pop. It. , up. 1-21. 14 Generally speaking, security issues requiring military options and relating to defense are considered hard ones whereas others that require non-military measures such as conflict prevention are regarded as soft. But this distinction today appears to be less relevant in view of events and experience in world affairs. See for details M. T. Clare and D. C. Thomas (De) , World Security, ( New York: SST. Martins Press, 1991). 12 of military policy, but of broader economic and political policies. For threats to security are not necessarily of a military nature, but they might derive from various there reasons. In view of the above, one can draw two main conclusions. Irrespective of which subjects are to be considered in dealing with the security concept, it seems evident that security is about preservation of the existence of states. And, in this preservation effort, the military component is always present even if as a last resort. Similarly, threat perception and the nature of such perceived threats are important in determining whether and how the perceived threat should be viewed as a matter of security. This brings us to the concept of collective security. Here, similar to the conceptual problem in defining security, a precise definition of collective security mains elusive. Not only do definitions differ,which is bound to happen in public debate and scholarly discourse, but also some directly contradict each other. 18 In simple terms, collective security is related to efforts by a group of states to act together in order to better preserve their own security. The term has been used to describe everything from loose alliance systems to any period of history in which wars do not take place. This wide Serialization, in the words of Suzan, means a process by which the issue in question is presented as an existential threat, requiring emergency measures and justifying actions outside the normal bonds of political procedure. See Suzan, pop. Cit. , up. 23-24. 16 Ibid. , p. 24. 17 J. C. Garnett, Introduction: Conflict and Security in the new world order, in M. J. Davis, (De), Security Issues in the Post-Cold War, (I-J: Edward Legal Pub. Ltd, 1996), p. 10. 18 G. W. Downs, Beyond the Debate on Collective Security, in Downs, G. W. De), Collective Security beyond the Cold War, ( USA: University of Michigan Press, 1994), up. 1-17. Spectrum is also due to the nature of security threats. States ally to increase their security against perceived threats. 19 In any particular balance of power system, there are usually groups of states that share to some extent an assessment of those threats. States face two kinds of threats in general. 20 The first is usually the reason for which stat es Join their forces in the first place, I. E. An external threat from a potential aggressor who is not part of the group. The second threat is of a more insidious but often Just as dangerous nature, namely, an internal threat from a member of the group itself that betrays its friends and uses force against them. The first form of collective security is best illustrated by the alliance system. An alliance functions as a collective body that defends its members from security threats directed from outside. Thus it includes the concept of collective defense as well. Moreover, although an alliance is focused on external threats, the security is collective for its members. On the other hand, the best illustration of security arrangements countering internal threats coming from members of a collective security body is the security community. 21 Collective security rests on the notion of one for all and all for one. Here, the question of why states come together for collective security can be argued is clear enough. It is because they share the same threat perceptions against which they think they will be better-off if they act together. Yet, the question of how they perceive the same threat is not that clear. This brings us to the issue of identity-building. Identification is considered a social concept. 22 The process of identity formation is of a kind that develops within a social unit. Any identification requires a distinction Just as any 19 See K. Waltz, Theory of International Politics, ( Reading: Addison Wesley, 1979) and also S. Walt, The Origins of Alliance , ( Ithaca: Cornel, 1987) 20 See for details S. Weber, Does NATO have a future 7, in Crawford, B. (De), The Future 21 This concept was first introduced by Van Wagner, and later in 1957 developed by Karl Deutsche with theoretical arguments . For the views of Dutch, see particularly E. Adler, Rupees New Security Order: A Pluralistic Security Community, and P. W. Schultz, Competing for European Security: The SEC, NATO and the European Community in a Changing International Environment, both in Crawford, B. (De), The Future of European Security, (Berkeley: University of California at Berkeley, 1992). 22 A. N. Hurdles, Bravura Kim ¤inn LOL#lam eve Tark Gimlet in Atilt Realer (De) Trisky eve Bravura, (Ankara: image Active, 1997) p. 18. 6 distinction necessitates some identification 23 . This brings us to the self/other dichotomy. The self is identified in relation to its position visa- ¤-visa the other 24 . In other words, all identities exist only with their otherness. Without the other, the self actually cannot know either itself or the world because meaning is created in discourse where consciousness meets. 25 Identification is of an exclusionary nature for the non-identified. In other words, in the identification of a group of people as a community, this unit is externalities of or disassociated from the values, myths, symbols, attitudes and mores of those (non-identified) with whom the unit does not identify itself. 6 It is also argued that the existence or the perception of threats from the other inevitably strengthens the identity of the self. 27 The formation of the self is inextricably intertwined with the formation of its others and a failure to regard the others in their own right must necessarily have repercussions for the formation of the self. 28 Identity is the key element of a cognitive regi on. Shared self-definitions create internalized norms that allow people from different countries to know each other better and thus respond more effectively to the common concerns. What constitutes the basis for collective security arrangements is therefore the mutual responsiveness developed out of answers to the questions of who I am and who the other is. In other words, it is the collective identity, which lays the ground for a sound collective security. The importance of identities can thus be summarized as follows: common identities help to establish a security whose existence, I. E. Elective security, proves that members share common identities. A. N. Hurdles, International Relations and the Philosophy of History: a Civilization Approach, ( London: MacMillan, forthcoming), p. 105. 24 K. Krause, Critical Theory and Security Studies, Cooperation and Conflict, Volvo (33)3, 1998, p. 312.. 25 Hurdles, pop. Cit. , in note 22, p. 107. 27 Hurdles, , pop. Cit. , in note 21, p. 21 . 28 Neumann, pop. Cit. , p. 35. 7 In view of the foregoing, one can easily understand that collective identities and shared values as well as shared understandings as regards threat perceptions are of significant importance for the creation of a workable collective security arrangement. The identity issue entered into International Relations full fledged with the critical theories, such as constructivism. However, mainstream approaches 29 also acknowledge identity. But, how it differs from the constructivist approach is that it presumes to know priori what the self-being is defined as. The state as a unit is assumed to have a single identity, across time and space whereas constructivism assumes that the selves, or identities, of states are variable, they likely depend on historical, cultural, political and social context 30 . Accordingly, as regards the object of security, the constructivist approach questions how the object of security is constructed according to threat perceptions. Here, the argument that discourses of threat are constitutive of the object to be secured relates to the question of how such threats are identified. In view of the foregoing, one can see that constructivism helps better explain collective security formations that are constitutive of collective identities. Thus, sound collective security arrangements are forms of collective identity that exclude each other on the basis of their distinctiveness. Here, it can be argued that those security regimes could not establish a collective identity against a common threat. In other words, the selves in hose organizations did not come together against a common other. In the Cold War era, the other was the East for the West and vice versa, although members of both Blocs remained in the same global security regime, the I-JNI. Therefore, their stay in the UN was not due to the creation of a common identity but due to a felt need. IMPACT OF THE POST-COLD WAR The post-Cold War has had a considerable impact on this state of affairs. The end of the Cold War, which for almost half a century had been the symbol of division in Europe, was marked by the fall of the Berlin Wall on October 3rd 1989. The fall of the Berlin wall meant also the collapse of the ideological walls which had divided Europe for so many years. The end of the Cold War even raised questions regarding the necessity of NATO as military alliances normally dissolve once their common enemy has been defeated. However, , 31 See for details, particularly A. Bennett, and J. Leopold, Reinventing Collective Security After the Cold War, Political Science Quarterly, Volume 18, Issue 2, 1993. 32 Ibid. With the rise of non-conventional and asymmetric security threats this was proven not to be the case 33 . What is new in this sense is the effect of globalization on these threats. Today, in a world where things have increasingly become more transnational and interdependent, owing to the effects of globalization, any incident in a country or in region, be it a terrorist act or an ethnic conflict, poses threats to other areas due to the domino effect. As a corollary to this, threats that transcend borders happen to affect security more rapidly, more severely in an ever-expanding magnitude with spill-over effects. These threats inevitably necessitate collective responses as they affect almost all states in one way or another. In such an environment, Europe in particular and the world in general have dinettes several hot conflicts and wars in Just one decade in the post-Cold War era, which amounts to more than occurred in the whole course of the Cold War years. The European continent, which had been free from wars since the end of World War II, once again became a continent of conflict and death with a wars that erupted in its very midst, like in the territories of the former Yugoslavia or in its vicinity, or like the Caucasus or elsewhere like in the Middle East, I. E. The Gulf war. In view of this, one can argue that the basic premises of mainstream scholarship, such as anarchical setting, power politics based on national interests, etc. , are still present in the world affairs. True, mainstream scholarship failed to anticipate the end of the Cold War. But, the world order, which has replaced the Cold War era, still proves the validity of mainstream scholarship. States act in pursuit of preservation of their interests and of protection of their 33 Asymmetric threat is defined as a threat that can cause harm in bigger magnitude than its size. Such threats vary from international terrorism, ethnic conflicts and religious fundamentalism through organized crime, drug trafficking, and proliferation f weapons of mass destruction to mass migrations, environmental disasters, poverty etc. See Irked, S. , 11 Elll 2001: Terrorizing Yen Milady, Strategic Animal, Sally 18, Skim 2001. Asymmetric threat is also defined as a threat that does not follow the rules of fair warfare including surprise attacks, as well as warfare with weapons used in an unconventional manner. See www. Rand. Org/news links/terrorism. .NET. 10 security in the face of both conventional and non-conventional security threats. However, the main question here is how they gather support from other states for such policies and how legitimacy is attained for them. In fact, the turnaround effects of such security threats help states gather the support of like-minded states and act collectively to protect their security against such threats. Collective security arrangements have been seriously proposed after every large- scale war, such as the Napoleonic Wars, World War l, and World War II. The end of the Cold War followed the same path both in academic and state circles. In this regard, naturally the I-IN, being the only global organization for collective security, has been called upon several times. In the post-Cold War era, the UN Security Council has adopted a series of resolutions availing itself of the right to humanitarian through a number of experiences as witnessed in various wars and fights such as that of the Gulf, Bosnia and Somalia. 4 Despite this gradual progress in fulfilling its task of collective security, the UN faced a deadlock during the Spooks crisis in 1999. Due to Russia and Chinas objection to a military operation against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the UN could not reach a decision authorizing the formation of a military force with the Security Council mandate and this implicitly left it up to NATO to take the responsibility . In light of these one can see that even in the post-Cold War era the UN system has maintained the inertia it derives from its organizational set-up. This can be attributed to the following: In the post-Cold War era, although one of the Blocs disappeared, it was evident that at least the old leader of the East , I. E. Russia on the one hand and the USA together with the rest of the Western Bloc on the other, continued to regard each other as other. This was because they have not been able create a collective identity (self), as they could not define a common threat (other) either. See for details C. Gaucherie, International Law and the War in Spooks, Survival, , Volume 41, No: 2, Summer 1999. POST-SEPTEMBER 11 ERA The world that embarked on a new millennium with these important shifts in international affairs in general and in the collective security field in particular, was unable to avoid the tragedy of September 1 lath. The terrorist attacks of September 1 1 have changed many, if not all, parameters in world affairs, and has important repercussions for security in a variety of ways and the approach to collective security is no exception to this. In the wake of the terrorist attacks, NATO allies lined up Enid the US and in an unprecedented display of support and solidarity they invoked, on 12 September 2001, Article 5 of the Washington Treaty of the Alliance, the core clause of collective defense, for the first time in the history of the Alliance. 35 This decision seems to have constituted a dramatic shift in the conceptualization of what forms hard and soft security issues. First, it was bitterly confirmed that terrorism is one of the most dangerous non-conventional asymmetric security threats. Similarly, it was also confirmed that terrorists can easily access weapons of ass destruction. More importantly, with the invocation of Article 5 and the military operation directed against the al-Qaeda terrorist network and its sanctuary the Taliban regime, it has become clear that the fight against terrorism, which was always regarded as a matter of soft security, would also require hard security measures, including military ones, in the post-September 1 1 era. In this context, one can argue that the September 11 terrorist attacks have provided a conducive atmosphere for the creation of a new other, I. E. Common enemy. This was

Asthma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Asthma - Essay Example According to a 2011 report, about 235 million people are affected by the disease worldwide and approximately 250,000 die every year due to asthma. About 80% of the mortality has been found to occur in lower and middle income nations with the rates varying between the countries. the prevalence rate has been found to be between 1 to 18% (Asthma, Wikipedia). In the year 2011 about 5.8 million Hispanic people in the USA were diagnosed with asthma with 3.6 million people still coping with the disease and about 1.7 million people experiencing an attack during the past year. The lifespan, current disease state and prevalence rate of asthma attack was found to be lower in significance compared to the non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white populations. Reports from 18 studies have shown that among the Hispanic sub-groups Puerto Ricans were found to have an increased incidence of the disease compared to other subgroups and non-Hispanic white people (Asthma: A Presentation of Asthma Management and Prevention). Reports reveal that between 2002 to 2007, the annual economic expenditure in the US due to asthma was estimated at $56.0 billion. Of these the direct costs to the healthcare was $50.1 billion and the other indirect entities including loss in productivity and other losses was estimated at $5.9 billion (ALA) The lung function test provides an accurate diagnosis of the disease, together with a medical history and physical examination of the patient. While lung function tests can be ably performed in adults it is however difficult to perform the test in children lesser than 5 years of age and hence in these cases doctors generally take in to account the medical history, signs, symptoms and physical examination of the child in order to diagnose the condition (How is Asthma Diagnosed?) In the case of children the

The role of social networking in building strong luxury fashion brands Dissertation

The role of social networking in building strong luxury fashion brands among the young customers in the UK - Dissertation Example Further, many researchers carry out measurement of data. The research can gather data using several methodologies. The methodologies include letting selected U.K. research respondents answer a questionnaire. The questionnaire may include a yes or no question. The current research includes a yes or now research question. The questionnaire may include letting the U.K. research respondents rank several choices from the highest to the lowest rank. The current U.K. research includes this type of methodology in the research. Further, U.K. research respondents can be asks to pick one of several alternative choices. The current U.K. research included requiring the U.K. research respondents to pick their best choice from several alternative choices. The implementation of the different methodology types includes a compulsory implementation of a clear and explicit research methodology. To be convincing, the researcher must explain the different steps taken to accomplish the methodology goals, i ncluding time-constrained objectives (Roy, 2008). Statistics. The term can be defined as the collection of research data. In addition, statistics covers the presentation of research findings. Lastly, statistics incorporates the interpretation of the research findings. ... The definition is a very common sense discussion of trend analysis. A more complex definition includes the use of quantitative statistical tools to answer a scientifically formulated research question. The trend analysis includes the gathering of both independent and dependant variables. The variables will contribute to spotting the future direction of one product, service or any other activity. Normally, trend analysis focuses on the effect of the independent variables on the dependent variables. In the current research, the independent variable is the 160 U.K. research respondents. The dependent variables are many. The dependent variable includes choosing the best social networking sites. The dependent variables also include choosing the best luxury branded fashion apparel brand. Consequently, time series statistical tools can be used to present a more convincing trend analysis forecast (Chandler, 2011). SPSS. The term refers to the modern statistical software. Under the SPSS stati stical research approach, the researcher inputs the 160 U.K. research respondents’ answers into the SPSS software. The research clicks any statistical tool choices listed in the SPSS menu. After selecting the statistical tool, the SPSS generates the results of the chosen statistical tool. By clicking on the mean statistical tool, the research can immediately expect the SPSS statistical software to generate the results of the mean statistical tool. In the current research, the research chose the mean statistical tool of the SPSS software. Next, the research clicked the frequency statistical tool choice provided by the SPSS tool. The research inputs the different dependent variables into the SPSS calculation section. Consequently, the SPSS software

Normative ethics Essay Example for Free

Normative ethics Essay Metaethics talks about the nature of ethics and moral reasoning. Discussions about whether ethics is relative and whether we always act from self-interest are examples of meta-ethical discussions. In fact, drawing the conceptual distinction between Metaethics, Normative Ethics, and Applied Ethics is itself a metaethical analysis. Normative ethics is interested in determining the content of our moral behavior. Normative ethical theories seek to provide action-guides; procedures for answering the Practical Question (What ought I to do? ). The moral theories of Kant and Bentham are examples of normative theories that seek to provide guidelines for determining a specific course of moral action. Think of the Categorical Imperative in the case of the former and the Principle of Utility in the case of the latter. Applied Ethics attempts to deal with specific realms of human action and to craft criteria for discussing issues that might arise within those realms. The contemporary field of Applied Ethics arouse in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Today, it is a thriving part of the field of ethics. Numerous books and web-sites are devoted to topics such as Business Ethics, Computer Ethics, and Engineering Ethics. Ethical Relativism Distinctions within Relativism There is a distinction between morals and mores. The latter can be defined as harmless customs (e. g. , tea at 4); the former as treatment of others (e. g. , the practice of Apartheid). In discussing Relativism, we are concerned only with moral practices. The Problem of Relativism: What one society considers Right, another Society considers Wrong. Therefore, RIGHT AND WRONG are RELATIVE to a PARTICULAR SOCIETY. Here we need to be aware of two things: (1) Confusing harmless conventions (The British drive on the left side of the road) with harmful practices (Clitorectomy is customary among the Somali). (2) Even if moralities may differ from society to society, it need not follow that Morality Itself is relative for there is a further distinction between CULTURAL (descriptive) RELATIVISM and NORMATIVE (Ethical) RELATIVISM. Cultural (descriptive) Relativism: The descriptive relativist simply notes certain sociological FACTS: (a) Factual Claims: x is considered right in Society y at time t and x is considered wrong in Society z at time t. (b) Empirical Conclusion: Moralities are relative [Note that the claims of Cultural Relativism are either true or false. ] Normative (ethical) Relativism The normative relativist goes BEYOND any sociological facts. (a) Normative Claim: What is considered right in Society x at time t IS right for that Society. (b) Theoretical (metaethical) Claim: Morality Itself is Relative. Note that ethical relativism does not logically follow from any truths uncovered by descriptive relativism. Note also that the ethical relativist has a hard time explaining how radical moral change can occur within a certain society (as with slavery or womens suffrage in the United States). Ethical Egoism Psychological and Ethical Egoism. As a metaethical theory of motivation, psychological egoism asserts the descriptive claim that all of our actions can be reduced to self-interest: Whenever people do something, it is only because they think something desirable for themselves will result from it. The claim is descriptive and thus open to counterexamples, and it is broad, stating a reductionistic thesis regarding all of our actions. (Contrast psychological egoism with the psychological state of sympathy, where the weal and woe of the other becomes the motive for our action.) Ethical egoism is a normative theory that states that our actions ought to be done from the perspective of self-interest. One of the problems with this position is that it might not be in ones self-interest to have eveyone act from the perspective of self-interest. This state of nature would not be desirable (in Hobbes terms, life would be beastly, brutal, and short) and so it might ultimately be in ones self-interest to enter into a contract with others that would place restraints upon self-interested actions. Utilitarian Theories Utilitarianism Utilitarianism is a normative ethical theory that places the locus of right and wrong solely on the outcomes (consequences) of choosing one action/policy over other actions/policies. As such, it moves beyond the scope of ones own interests and takes into account the interests of others. Bentham’s Utility Principle: (1) Recognizes the fundamental role of pain and pleasure in human life, (2) approves or disapproves of an action on the basis of the amount of pain or pleasure brought about i.e, consequences, (3) equates good with pleasure and evil with pain, and (4) asserts that pleasure and pain are capable of quantification (and hence measure). In measuring pleasure and pain, Bentham introduces the following criteria: INTENSITY, DURATION, CERTAINTY (or UNCERTAINTY), and its NEARNESS (or FARNESS). He also includes its fecundity (will more of the same follow? ) and its purity (its pleasure wont be followed by pain vice versa). In considering actions that affect numbers of people, we must also account for its EXTENT. John Stuart Mill adjusted the more hedonistic tendencies in Benthams philosophy by emphasizing (1) It is not the quantity of pleasure, but the quality of happiness that is central to utilitarianism, (2) the calculus is unreasonable qualities cannot be quantified (there is a distinction between higher and lower pleasures), and (3) utilitarianism refers to the Greatest Happiness Principle it seeks to promote the capability of achieving happiness (higher pleasures) for the most amount of people (this is its extent). Act and Rule Utilitarianism. We can apply the principle of utility to either PARTICULAR ACTIONS or GENERAL RULES. The former is called act-utilitarianism and the latter is called rule-utilitarianism. Act-utilitarianism The principle of utility is applied directly to each alternative act in a situation of choice. The right act is then defined as the one which brings about the best results (or the least amount of bad results). * Criticisms of this view point to the difficulty of attaining a full knowledge and certainly of the consequences of our actions. * It is possible to justify immoral acts using AU: Suppose you could end a regional war by torturing children whose fathers are enemy soliders, thus revealing the hide outs of the fathers. Rule-utilitarianism The principle of utility is used to determine the validity of rules of conduct (moral principles). A rule like promise-keeping is established by looking at the consequences of a world in which people broke promises at will and a world in which promises were binding. Right and wrong are then defined as following or breaking those rules. * Some criticisms of this position point out that if the Rules take into account more and more exceptions, RU collapses into AU. * More genearl criticisms of this view argue that it is possible to generate unjust rules according to the principle of utility. For example, slavery in Greece might be right if it led to an overall achievement of cultivated happiness at the expense of some mistreated individuals. Deontological Theories Acting from Duty Deontological normative ethical theories place the locus of right and wrong in autonomous adherence to moral laws or duties. Monistic deontology Kants Categorical Imperative (Act only on that maxim whereby thou canst at the same time will that it should become a universal law) provides the source of right action. Its first formulation states Act as if the maxim of your action were to secure through your will a universal law of nature; its second formulation states Always act so as to treat humanity, whether in your own person or that of another, as an end in itself, never as a means only. Actions that conform to these imperatives (i. e., right actions) and are, furthermore, done from a sense of duty, are the epitome of morally praiseworthy actions. Critics of Kants approach claim that his Categorical Imperative does not contain within it a way to resolve conflicts of duties. Lying is wrong can be interpreted as Never lie and thus Universal Principles can harden into Absolute Principles. Pluralistic deontology For the 20th Century philosopher W. D. Ross, there are a number of duties that reflection reveals and these form a group of prima facie obligations. The phrase prima facie (all things being equal) refers to the fact that these duties do not bind us absolutely, but rather that they generally hold absent any further considerations. Two key duties are nonmaleficence (dont harm others) and beneficence (help others). Other prima facie duties include dont lie, dont kill, keep promises, etc. When conflicts occur between duties, our actual duty becomes that which intuitive judgment discerns as the right thing to do (e. g. , lying to save the life of an innocent person). Critics are cautious about referring to intuition as the criterion for determining our actual course of action. Stephen Toulmin suggested that we weigh up, as well as we can, the risks involved in ignoring either, and choose the lesser of two evils. Thus, while the principles may be deontic in nature, a resolution of conflicts of principles could appeal to probable consequences. Virtue Ethics Historical Perspective There is a long tradition in ethics that places great importance on the kind of person one is. We not only want those around us to tell the truth (for example, according to the Categorical Imperative), but also to be honest. Both Aristotle (arete) and Aquinas (virtu) emphasized this aspect of ethics by highlighting the role of what we would today call character in their discussions of ethics (and the classic virtues of courage, justice, and moderation). David Hume also gave virtue and personal merit a key role in his ethical theory. The recent revival of interest in virtue ethics can be traced back to Philippa Foot. She writes that a person’s virtue may be judged by his innermost desires as well as by his intentions; and this fits with our idea that a virtue such as generosity lies as much in someone’s attitudes as in his actions . The Moral Concept of Virtue We should distinguish the virtues found in a particular society or culture (e. g. , chastity) from those virtues that can be supported by moral reasoning (e. g. , honesty). A virtue is a trait of character that is socially valued, and a moral virtue is a trait that is morally valued†¦Moral reasons must support a claim†¦of moral virtue . By emphasizing the priority of character in discussions of ethics, virtue theorists can say: †¦rather than using rules and government regulations to protect subjects in research, some claim that the most reliable protection is the presence of an ‘informed, conscientious, compassionate, responsible researcher’. The underlying view here is that character is more important than conformity to rules and that virtues should be inculcated and cultivated over time through educational interactions, role models, etc. A practical consequence of this view is that the education of, for example medical doctors, should include the cultivation of virtues such as compassion, discernment, trustworthiness, integrity, conscientiousness as well as benevolence (desire to help) and nonmalevolence (desire to avoid harm). Critical Evaluation of Virtue Ethics Often times we encounter morality between strangers (as when one enters an Emergency Room after a car accident). At these times, it’s not the person’s character, but his/her need to follow rules and procedures that seem to come to the forefront (Virtue is not enough). Furthermore, persons of ‘good character’ can certainly formulate ‘bad policy’ or make a ‘poor choice’ and we need to evaluate those policies and choices according to moral principles. Constructive Evaluation of Virtue Ethics Yet †¦ethical theory is more complete if the virtues are included†¦motives deserve to be at center stage in a way that some leading traditional theories have inadequately appreciated †¦ To look at acts without also looking at the moral appropriateness and desirability of feelings, attitudes, forms of sympathy, and the like is to miss a large area of the moral picture (BC, 4th Ed., 69) Liberal Rights and Communitarian Theories Today we often find moral problems framed by perspectives derived from political philosophy. Issues like euthanasia, stem cell research and abortion as well as distributive justice concerns such as social security and medicare, are likely to be seen along the liberal/conservative divide. Traditional moral theories need to take these frameworks into consideration. Will Kymlicka’s Introduction to Political Philosophy provides analyses of the philosophical ideas behind the â€Å"ideological debates† that now envelop many topics in moral philosophy. Of particular value is his discussion of liberal equality, libertarianism, and communitarianism. Liberal equality is often associated with the work on John Rawls in his Theory of Justice. It argues that we should rationally affirm two fundamental principles of justice designed to protect our political liberties and social opportunities. It can be directly contrasted with the libertarian ideas found in Robert Nozick’s Anarchy, State, and Utopia. Nozick challenges Rawls’s approach to social inequalities and argues for a minimalist state. But both authors (and their followers) conceive of individuals as ‘Socratic’ in nature, capable of reasoning about their life plan and questioning, in principle, the world around them. In this sense, they are both ‘liberals’ in the tradition of John Stuart Mill’s essay, â€Å"On Liberty. † â€Å"For liberals, the question about the good life requires us to make a judgment about what sort of a person we wish to be†. Thus liberals will emphasize the role of choice and freedom from government interference in private matters. For communitarians, on the other hand, individuals are not atomistic, ‘unencumbered selves’ individuals are situated within a community, embedded in the received wisdom of our human culture. Communal values are ‘authoritative horizons’ wherein we take our orientation toward life . The self is not prior to, but rather constituted by, its ends we cannot distinguish ‘me’ from ‘my ends’ [and] our selves are at least partly constituted by ends that we do not choose, but rather discover by virtue of our being embedded in some shared social context . Since self-determination does not occur in a vacuum, the government needs to support a social environment that is conducive to the development of what is best in all of us. For those communitarians who are social conservatives, this will often take the form of a promotion family values that can, for example, discourage changes in the institution of marriage. Broadly speaking, these two positions account for the divide between ‘liberals’ and ‘social conservatives’ in dealing with matters such as abortion and euthanasia. In these situations, liberals tend to become pro-choice and social conservatives tend to become pro-life. ***** As is to be expected in a modern, pluralistic democracy, many of these issues are addressed in the political realm and through the political process (including the courts). But the kinds of cases that arise within these areas should also be addressed within the framework of applied ethics as a way to get clearer about the nature of the problem and its potential for resolution. Indeed, we often see analyses found in applied ethics, such as the concept of a person in the morally significant sense or the distinction between killing and allowing to die, embedded in the political debate itself. Ethics of Care In the 1970s and 80s feminist writers began to question the assumptions behind many of the traditional ethical theories. Carol Gilligan’s work in moral psychology challenged justice-based approaches to moral discussion: men tend to embrace an ethic of rights using quasi-legal terminology and impartial principles †¦ women tend to affirm an ethic of care that centers on responsiveness in an interconnected network of needs, care, and prevention of harm. Taking care of others is the core notion. Annette Baier’s philosophical account of an ethics of care does not recommend that we discard categories of obligation, but that we make room for an ethic of love and trust, including an account of human bonding and friendship. In both of these accounts, there is a specific criticism of Traditional Liberal Theory and its emphasis on impartiality and universality: The impartiality and the ‘standpoint of detached fairness’ advocated by liberal theories of justice, overlook, for example, the moral role of attachment to those close to us. Speaking from the perspective of medical ethics, The care perspective is especially meaningful for roles such as parent, friend, physician, and nurse, in which contextual response, attentiveness to subtle clues, and the deepening of special relationships are likely to be more momentous morally than impartial treatment In articulating the challenge to universal principles, Beauchamp and Childress write: We can produce rough generalizations about how caring physicians and nurses respond to patients, for example, but these generalizations will not be subtle enough to give helpful guidance for the next patient. Each situation calls for a set of responses outside any generalization†¦. Proponents of an Ethics of Care emphasize the roles of Mutual Interdependence and Emotional Response that play an important part in our moral lives: †¦many human relationships involve persons who are vulnerable, dependent, ill, and frail †¦ [and] the desirable moral response is attached attentiveness to needs, not detached respect for rights (BC, 373) and The person who acts from rule-governed obligations without appropriately aligned feelings such as worry when a friend suffers seems to have a moral deficiency. In addition†¦insight into the needs of others and considerate alertness to their circumstances often come from the emotions more than reason. Thus the emotions seem to have a ‘cognitive role,’ allowing us to grasp a situation that may not be immediately available to one arguing solely from a ‘justice perspective. ’ Critical Evaluation of the Care Ethic The example of a nurse who personally wants to help a patient die, but who will not do so as it violates professional duty, shows that †¦the ethics of care must confront situations in which bona fide requirements of impartiality conflict with acting partially from care. Some feminists actually interpret the ‘care ethic’ as culturally determined by the male hierarchy. For example, a terminally ill grand mother may request to be allowed to die because she doesn’t want to be ‘a bother’ to her family. Here someone like Susan Sherwin sees a need to examine the social context of care as well as to establish limits to the ethics of care. Both enterprises would involve appeals to justice†¦ Constructive Evaluation of the Care Ethic Sensitivity and emotional response to particular situations (like family discussions with physicians) provide important guides to morally acceptable actions. A care ethic also seems to favor adopting procedures from Conflict Resolution and Dispute Mediation as alternative ways to approach an apparent ethical conflict. Hedonism The term â€Å"hedonism,† from the Greek word (hedone) for pleasure, refers to several related theories about what is good for us, how we should behave, and what motivates us to behave in the way that we do. All hedonistic theories identify pleasure and pain as the only important elements of whatever phenomena they are designed to describe. If hedonistic theories identified pleasure and pain as merely two important elements, instead of the only important elements of what they are describing, then they would call it Hedonism uld not be nearly as unpopular as they all are. However, the claim that pleasure and pain are the only things of ultimate importance is what makes hedonism distinctive and philosophically interesting. Philosophical hedonists tend to focus on hedonistic theories of value, and especially of well-being (the good life for the one living it). As a theory of value, hedonism states that all and only pleasure is intrinsically valuable and all and only pain is intrinsically not valuable. Hedonists usually define pleasure and pain broadly, such that both physical and mental phenomena are included. Thus, a gentle massage and recalling a fond memory are both considered to cause pleasure and stubbing a toe and hearing about the death of a loved one are both considered to cause pain. With pleasure and pain so defined, hedonism as a theory about what is valuable for us is intuitively appealing. Indeed, its appeal is evidenced by the fact that nearly all historical and contemporary treatments of well-being allocate at least some space for discussion of hedonism. Unfortunately for hedonism, the discussions rarely endorse it and some even deplore its focus on pleasure. This article begins by clarifying the different types of hedonistic theories and the labels they are often given. Then, hedonism’s ancient origins and its subsequent development are reviewed. The majority of this article is concerned with describing the important theoretical divisions within Prudential Hedonism and discussing the major criticisms of these approaches. The Origins of Hedonism . a. Aristippus and the Cyrenaics The Cyrenaics, founded by Artistippus were also sceptics and Hedonistic Egoists. Although the paucity of original texts makes it difficult to confidently state all of the justifications for the Cyrenaics’ positions, their overall stance is clear enough. The Cyrenaics believed pleasure was the ultimate good and everyone should pursue all immediate pleasures for themselves. They considered bodily pleasures better than mental pleasures, presumably because they were more vivid or trustworthy. The Cyrenaics also recommended pursuing immediate pleasures and avoiding immediate pains with scant or no regard for future consequences. Their reasoning for this is even less clear, but is most plausibly linked to their sceptical views – perhaps that what we can be most sure of in this uncertain existence is our current bodily pleasures. b. Epicurus Epicurus founder of Epicureanism, developed a Normative Hedonism in stark contrast to that of Aristippus. The Epicureanism of Epicurus is also quite the opposite to the common usage of Epicureanism; while we might like to go on a luxurious â€Å"Epicurean† holiday packed with fine dining and moderately excessive wining, Epicurus would warn us that we are only setting ourselves up for future pain. For Epicurus, happiness was the complete absence of bodily and especially mental pains, including fear of the Gods and desires for anything other than the bare necessities of life. Even with only the limited excesses of ancient Greece on offer, Epicurus advised his followers to avoid towns, and especially marketplaces, in order to limit the resulting desires for unnecessary things. Once we experience unnecessary pleasures, such as those from sex and rich food, we will then suffer from painful and hard to satisfy desires for more and better of the same. No matter how wealthy we might be, Epicurus would argue, our desires will eventually outstrip our means and interfere with our ability to live tranquil, happy lives. Epicureanism is generally egoistic, in that it encourages everyone to pursue happiness for themselves. However, Epicureans would be unlikely to commit any of the selfish acts we might expect from other egoists because Epicureans train themselves to desire only the very basics, which gives them very little reason to do anything to interfere with the affairs of others. c. The Oyster Example With the exception of a brief period discussed below, Hedonism has been generally unpopular ever since its ancient beginnings. Although criticisms of the ancient forms of hedonism were many and varied, one in particular was heavily cited. In Philebus, Plato’s Socrates and one of his many foils, Protarchus in this instance, are discussing the role of pleasure in the good life. Socrates asks Protarchus to imagine a life without much pleasure but full of the higher cognitive processes, such as knowledge, forethought and consciousness and to compare it with a life that is the opposite. Socrates describes this opposite life as having perfect pleasure but the mental life of an oyster, pointing out that the subject of such a life would not be able to appreciate any of the pleasure within it. The harrowing thought of living the pleasurable but unthinking life of an oyster causes Protarchus to abandon his hedonistic argument. The oyster example is now easily avoided by clarifying that pleasure is best understood as being a conscious experience, so any sensation that we are not consciously aware of cannot be pleasure.

The Chrysalids Joseph Strorm Character Sketch Essay -- essays research

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Written by John Wyndham, The Chrysalids tells the reader about Joseph and his life, which revolves around religion. Joseph, as the reader learns, is an extremely religious, authoritive, and temper mental man. As the story progresses, Joseph’s character traits begin to show more and more. Joseph’s character traits become more prominent, and Joseph begins to choose his religion over his family. Towards the end of the novel we learn that Joseph is out to kill two of his children. Joseph is a man with many problems, which would get the best of him in the end.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Living in Waknuk makes it extremely easy to be controlled by your religion. Joseph was a very religious man towards his family and the community. In the community of Waknuk Joseph was considered the â€Å"Head Priest† of his religious group. Each time a deviation was notified Joseph would quickly stop everything he was doing to pray for forgiveness. Stopping everything to pray for forgiveness is a big thing considering that the deviations were not his. This shows that he does not want God or his religion to look down on himself. Lastly, Joseph is always trying to do his best because he believes God is always testing them. He shows that he does not want to upset God in any way. All of these examples show how religious Joseph truly is. Joseph Strorm was a devoted and completely reliant man upon his religion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As being the leader in Waknuk, it ...

Future Trends in Health Care Essay

Clinical decisions reflect the electronic world we live in more than ever. The electronic health record (EHR) is quickly replacing the traditional paper chart. In the United States by the 2014, medical records will be converted to an EHR. Medical records were converted over a ten- year period in the United Kingdom from traditional charting to EHR. The electronic age is here and with it new terminology. Electronic Health (E-health) describes many topics from the EHR to several systems and new subspecialties. Telemedicine has grown to include many activities within the electronic realm. The Internet and external delivery sources are quickly gaining favor for follow up care and rural medicine visits. Patients’ no longer have to wait or drive far distances to see their physician they can simply go to an outpatient clinic and visit the physician via videoconference using SKPE like technology. Internet/Electronic Communication as an External Delivery Source The estimates state that about eight billion people can access some form of electronic communication network across the globe. The estimation of this global access is the ability to investigate and research any health condition by symptom or chief complaint. The user simply inputs his or her perceived diagnosis and several choices are displayed in most search engines such as GOOGLE or BING. The programming used today does not even require that the spelling is correct because of the built in spell check feature. The electronic/computer age has brought with it many advantages that ten years ago were impossible. The ability to research as many topics/symptoms once performed at the library can be done at home. The Internet/e-communication has revolutionized both personal and professional fact-finding missions. E-health is quickly replacing both the research and word of mouth referrals. Going online and asking a question provide all the  physicians in the area as well as what type of specialist to visit. Blogs have replaced word of mouth. The impact is clear e-health is here to stay. Nomenclature depends on the type of patient care activities described. EHR is a universal and global term. Programs that support clinical decision-making can include: * Computerized provider (or physician) entry (CPOE) systems used by clinicians to enter, modify, review and, communicate orders, and return results for laboratory tests, x-ray images and referrals. * E-prescribing – clinical information systems used to enter, modify, review, and output, or communicate medication prescriptions. * Computerized decision support systems – (CDSS) used in the context of eHealth technologies, clinical information systems that integrate clinical and demographic patient information to provide support for decision making by clinicians. * Picture Archiving Computer System – (PACS) used radiology to store data and x-ray images. â€Å"The widespread availability of medical information on the internet and its effects on health care has exponentially increased over the last decade† (Black, et. al, 2011, p. 9). The impact of e-health has changed the landscape of health care. The growth has ushered in a new way for providers to communicate and educate patients. Instead of handouts concerning particular disease processes the provider can give the technologically clever patient the information by directing him or her to the website. Safe and effective instructions are the responsibility of the provider so investigation and verification for accuracy is important. Impact of Distance Delivery on Health Care Distance to the clinic or hospital is a concern for patients in rural areas. The convenience of participating in an e-health visit is beneficial. â€Å"On-line, computer-assisted communication between patients and physicians promises to replace a substantial amount of care now delivered in person† (Kassirer, 1995, p. 52). The prediction of Dr. Kasssirer is true today telemedicine, is on the rise. Large scale acceptance of e-medicine is yet to be realized. The backbone of American healthcare the physician office visit is under construction with the advent of e-Health. The patient is more in control of their health care than any time in history â€Å"ideally, responsibility for decisions could be shared by the patient and the physician, with the patient playing a substantial part† (Kassirer, 1995, p.  52). Transformative power is evident in this fundamental shift in thinking throughout the health care community. Communication Issues and Health care today Medical and scientific data is available to both the physician and the patient through the use of the Internet. †The Internet is clearly the modern vehicle with the potential to improve information dissemination and perhaps change the way health care is delivered† (Podichetty, et. al, p. 274). Smart phone and device technology is accessed and often used throughout the course of the day by both the physician and patient. Electronic interactions have replaced many of the traditional forms of communication. The move toward electronic exchanges between health care providers is becoming a common occurrence. Web-based medical resources are accessed by the patient and the physician equally. â€Å"Over 90% of physicians use the internet to research clinical issues† (Podichetty, et, al, p. 274). Researching can occur at the bedside with direct collaboration with the patient. The ability to understand and explain multiple disease processes is achieved through the interactive technology advances of today. Impact of Communication Techniques in the Future The future of healthcare communication and current trends are evolving as rapidly as technology will allow. Technological advances are occurring so rapidly that the health care environment will continue to evolve and invent new forms of communication techniques over the next five years. â€Å"Information and communications technology will play a key role in delivering health care in the future† (Dumiak, 2011, p. 328). Standards are changing within the cultural landscape of e-health. As the environment changes so too will the standards and regulations of telemedicine. As the landscape continues to change â€Å"there is cultural and historical resistance to heavy centralization of record-keeping and privacy concerns about the potential intrusion of government or business into sensitive personal documents† (Dumiak, 2011, p. 328). Soon we will be able to provide our complete medical history and medications through the use of a master patient record that updates in real time. The cloud is already offering â€Å"a place to remotely store and access gigantic sets of experimental data† (Dumiak, 2011, p. 329). The logical  transition to electronic documents is on the horizon. In conclusion, the future of centralized electronic records is on the horizon. The landscape will continue to evolve and shape itself around the acceptance of new technologies and ways to communicate medical information. As the evolution continues the legal and ethical considerations will mirror that of technological advancement â€Å"work is still under way to establish standards and rules on how to send information to the central system† (Dumiak, 2011, p. 329). The future will determine a set of standards for e-Health technologies. The technology exists but can health care can keep up with the future needs of the patient. References Biscup, R.S., Booher, J., & Podichetty, V.K. (2006). Assessment of Internet Use and Effects among Health Care Professionals: A Cross Sectional Survey. Postgrad Medicine, 8(2), 274-279. Black, A.D., Car, J., & Pagliari, C., Anandan, C., Cresswell, K., Bokun, T., McKinstry, B., Procter, R., Majeed, A., Sheikh, A., (2011, January). The Impact of E-Health on the Quality and Safety of Health Care: A Systematic Overview. Plos Medicine, 8(1), 1-16. Dumiak, M. (2012, September). E-Health’s Future Frontiers. Bull World Health Organization, 328-329. Kassirer, J.P. (1995, January). The Next Transformation in the Delivery of Health Care. The New England Journal of Medicine, 332(1), 52-54.

Prayer in Public School Essay - 3032 Words

In the heart of every religion, there is a way to express ones deepest thoughts and feelings--prayer. Prayer is something that most people due naturally. Whether it is in the morning before you start your day, before a meal, before you go to sleep, or when you just feel the need to express your feelings, prayer is always there. Religious faiths believe that this is central to human life. Even those who are not religious pray. Prayer affects the material universe. Prayer can be defined as an earnest request; a humble entreaty addressed to God, to a god, etc (Websters). We are allowed to pray publicly anywhere, as long as we dont pray out loud. Yet we all live in a society that does not allow prayer inside public schools. Prayer is also†¦show more content†¦Students are also free to organize Bible study and other religious interest clubs if any other secular clubs are allowed. Religious clubs must be given the same access to the schools facilities. Group meetings also must be voluntary and student initiated. Students can also engage in a moment of silence during which they can pray, meditate, plan their day, or engage in any other silent mental activity (Religioustolerance). Religious freedom is one of the most important traditions and constitutional rights that we as Americans have. Throughout the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s public education across the United States continued to include considerable religious context. In colonial New England the earliest standard text was the New England Primer, which taught younger children to read and count using biblical references: The letter A was taught with the phrase In Adams Fall we sinned all, and P was illustrated with Peter denies His Lord and cries (Andryszewski 13-14). Beginning around 1913 and continuing through the first half of the twentieth century, state governments across the country decided to standardize and write into law the practice of Bible reading and prayer in their states public schools. By mid- century, nearly all of the states permitted some form of Bible reading or formal prayer in public schools. By the 1950s school prayer was commonly practicedShow MoreRelatedThe Prayer On Public Schools1240 Words   |  5 PagesFor much of the 20th Century and into the 21st, school prayer has been the focal point of an ongoing debate about the position of religion in American civilization. The question of the legality of prayer in public schools brings together a number of important notions in American government and legal philosophy. Opponents and proponents of school prayer set forth their arguments in such major constitutional issues as the separation of church and state, the right to free exercise of religion, and theRead MorePrayer in Public Schools656 Words   |  3 PagesThe United States was built on prayer. Prayer or religion is on our currency in the many halls of our justice and federal buildings so no matter where we go, we cannot escape prayer. Our founding fathers did not exclude the bible in building our nation and educating our future and there will be no expectation. No matter what there will be prayer no matter where you are. Some people just don’t believe in God that’s why some don’t want prayer in public school. 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Consequently