The Moment That Changed My Life

This essay is based on an event that changed my life forever. It is a passage that is mixed with feelings and emotions. This experience gave my life a purpose and a sense of direction. It allowed me to grow from a boy to a man in just one day. It was a cold, rainy winter morning in Liverpool. I had gone about my morning no different than any other working day. By 6:30AM I was showered, dressed, and full from my huge bowl of cereal. This gave me fifteen minutes to watch the latest news before I left to arrive at work for 7AM. It was 9. 5AM when my cell phone began to ring; it was a call from my mother.I could tell by the quick, anxious, but bold and loud tone her voice that this was not going to be a pleasurable conversation. â€Å"Come and get me, get me now! Hurry up, it’s your dad, I will explain when you get here! † Without thinking or giving any explanation to my manager, I left and headed home. The journey home was an adventure in its self, not a care for anyone or anything around me, except my father. The dangerous speed and my total lack of concentration, as my brain flooded with thoughts of my dad’s well-being, were a recipe for disaster.When I arrived home my mother was waiting in the garden. I knew it was a matter of urgency by looking at how she was dressed. She was wearing her long, black coat and underneath she was wearing her P. Js. She jumped into my car, slammed the door and before I could ask where we were going, she had already yelled â€Å"the hospital! † This demanding order left very little to my imagination and I knew something was seriously wrong. We arrived at the hospital. I stopped the car and my mother jumped out, darting off into a sprint to seek my father’s ward.The corridors were long and narrow. The sounds of rushing heels echoed all around me. I was like a mouse in a huge maze, with no sense of direction. After ten minutes of searching, we finally found the ward that held my father’s fate . I paused and took a huge breath, grasping all the air my lungs could hold, preparing myself for the worst. I opened the old squeaky doors and headed towards my father’s bed. He was surrounded by doctors and nurses, and reality began to take its toll. The closer I got, the slower I moved forward, scared of taking the next step.I was eventually pulled to a stop by the nurse and was escorted to the waiting room. I asked question after question, each answer had the same reply â€Å"the doctor will be in to explain shortly. † The waiting room was cold and lifeless. The walls were littered with thank you cards and letters of praise from past patience. This gave me some hope that my father was in good hands. Minutes seemed like hours until the doctor entered. Before he had both feet in the room, my mother began to scream for explanations. â€Å"Take a seat† Then every sentence that a son and wife fears to hear. Your father is in critical condition, he has no longer t han a couple of hours to live. † A cold chill of death sent shivers down my spine. Keeping myself from exploding into tears, I began ensuring my mother and younger brother that everything would be fine, by far the hardest thing I’ve ever had to do. The time came when the doctors called us to see him; with no hesitation I jumped up and charged to his bed. There he was, lying helplessly. I reached for his hand and grabbed it, letting him know he wasn’t alone.I begged him to fight for his life; I knew he could hear me as he acknowledged my voice with a small nod. If there was one thing I learned from my father, it was to never give up. From this moment on, I never left his side. Through the fight and determination to live, my father is alive today. I’m living in my hero’s shadow. How do I fill the boots of a man that everybody loved? It was then I decided to make something of my life, to make him proud. This is why I’m here today. This is why yo u have this essay in front of you, to better myself.For the hope that one day, I can provide for my family and give them the future that my father gave to me. I do not like to praise only one of my role models, as I have two amazing parents. Watching a women nearly lose somebody she has loved for over thirty years was very difficult. My mother has shown loyalty and never ending lover for her family. I truly believe, it was this love my father was fighting for. I must thank my mother a great deal for this. I can only pray to be half as happy as both of them in my future,

Hill presents Edmund Hooper as a violent imposing figure, who shows no sympathy Essay

Hill presents the character Edmund Hooper as a unsympathetic character. Hill’s uses the technique of ‘unmitigated language’ to present Edmund as unsympathetic character; â€Å"You were only tenants then†, Edmund makes no effort to make his sentence any politer. The word â€Å"only† is chosen by Hill to try and ‘degrade’ Kingshaw’s ‘ status and to portray him, inferior to Edmund. Hill continues to show that Edmund is an unsympathetic character; â€Å"When did he die?†. The death of Kingshaw’s father is a personnel matter, and the ‘usual’ person is likely to feel sympathetic towards Kingshaw. Hill purposefully gives the question asked by Edmund no expression, the reader has no idea how Edmund states the question. By not including any expression, the reader is given the impression that Edmund is ignorant to the death of Kingshaw’s father, he is instead focused on being an imposing figure. Edmund is portrayed as an imposing figure and his unsympathetic nature reinforces this view. Furthermore Edmunds actions portray him as a imposing figure; â€Å"Hooper looked at him coldly†, the word ‘coldly’ would suggests lack of emotion and ‘warmth’. Edmunds lack of emotion ‘frightens’ the readers. The reader develops an image of an emotionless child, Edmund shows no emotion towards his father either; â€Å"Hooper stood very still, turning the pencil round and round†, the word ‘still’ can be linked to the lack of motion, Edmund is in one sense ‘frozen’, he emits no emotions, no warmth towards no one. ‘Turning the pencil round and round’ could suggest that Edmund is like an endless loop, he is shown to have no personality and trying to make contact with Edmund is like going ’round and round’, you do not end up anywhere different, you keep on going round in a circle. Finally, Edmund is shown to be violent; â€Å"He raised his fists and came at Kingshaw†. Fists are can be associated with boxing- a violent sport. Edmund with his fists ‘raised’ give the reader and image of a boy ready to fight. The word ‘came’ suggests Edmund can be compared to an object more than a human, which suggests that Edmund is a very unusual human, he is more like an object, emotionless and violent. The violence is emphasised as Edmund has only just met Kingshaw, the mere fact Edmund attacks Kingshaw almost immediately after meeting Kingshaw suggests Edmund does not try to understand Kingshaw, he just attacks Kingshaw to be seen as the superior person. Edmund shows no regret in hurting Kingshaw, â€Å"I’ll bash you again†. The word bash is not associated with humans but objects. It is unusual to say ‘I’ll bash you. Bash is a very violent word and the reader sees Edmund as intimidating and violent. The word â€Å"again† suggests that Edmund will willingly hurt someone, repeatedly. The repetetion of Edmunds violent nature tells gives the image of an imposing character. Hill tries to present Edmund as an imposing figure so that Edmunds character contrasts with Kingshaw. The reader sees Kingshaw as the victim and Edmund as the bully. The conflict between Kingshaw and Edmund is what engages the reader, and as the two characters have opposing personalities, conflict occurs a lot more frequently. The reader continues to read in anticipation that more conflict will occur, the conflict excites the reader and produces suspense.

Free Essays on Aeschylus, Sophocles, Plato And Dante

1. Dikaiosyne – literally means justice in Ancient Greek; however there are several different interpretations as to what justice can mean. In The Oresteia by Aeschylus the definition of dike is the relationship between individuals. Justice becomes an issue of to what extent we are responsible for our actions and furthermore dike is seen as a correction of a wrong. In the Oresteia a complicated series of events plague the house of Atreus of Argos (Agamemnon, pg1) following the end of the Trojan War. Agamemnon returns from the war a hero, but upon his arrival he is murdered by his wife’s lover and his cousin. However, the reasons for his murder are not simple. The murder is only a small part of a cycle of vengeance that began between the cousin’s fathers. Aegisthus motivation for murdering Agamemnon was in retribution for the crimes committed against his father. As a result, Orestes, Agamemnon’s remaining son, is now responsible for avenging his father’s death. Orestes avenges the death by murdering his mother and Aegisthus for which he receives his mother’s curse. Orestes is th en plagued by the Furies for the murder. However, this poses the question of whether it is possible to end the cycle that this interpretation of dike establishes. A trial follows in Athens in which the cycle is finally ended with the help of Athena, the goddess of wisdom. Aeschylus, through the trial, is trying to say that the old cyclical system of revenge need not continue. In a democratic society with old laws and practices, there can be tribunal and judgment can be settled with wisdom (phronesis – wisdom along with justice will work). In addition his goal was to provide a functioning system of justice that does not involve the direct intervention of the gods. Plato interprets dike as acting in accordance to one’s station in life. Plato describes his concept of justice in terms of the allegory of the metals. People are bor... Free Essays on Aeschylus, Sophocles, Plato And Dante Free Essays on Aeschylus, Sophocles, Plato And Dante 1. Dikaiosyne – literally means justice in Ancient Greek; however there are several different interpretations as to what justice can mean. In The Oresteia by Aeschylus the definition of dike is the relationship between individuals. Justice becomes an issue of to what extent we are responsible for our actions and furthermore dike is seen as a correction of a wrong. In the Oresteia a complicated series of events plague the house of Atreus of Argos (Agamemnon, pg1) following the end of the Trojan War. Agamemnon returns from the war a hero, but upon his arrival he is murdered by his wife’s lover and his cousin. However, the reasons for his murder are not simple. The murder is only a small part of a cycle of vengeance that began between the cousin’s fathers. Aegisthus motivation for murdering Agamemnon was in retribution for the crimes committed against his father. As a result, Orestes, Agamemnon’s remaining son, is now responsible for avenging his father’s death. Orestes avenges the death by murdering his mother and Aegisthus for which he receives his mother’s curse. Orestes is th en plagued by the Furies for the murder. However, this poses the question of whether it is possible to end the cycle that this interpretation of dike establishes. A trial follows in Athens in which the cycle is finally ended with the help of Athena, the goddess of wisdom. Aeschylus, through the trial, is trying to say that the old cyclical system of revenge need not continue. In a democratic society with old laws and practices, there can be tribunal and judgment can be settled with wisdom (phronesis – wisdom along with justice will work). In addition his goal was to provide a functioning system of justice that does not involve the direct intervention of the gods. Plato interprets dike as acting in accordance to one’s station in life. Plato describes his concept of justice in terms of the allegory of the metals. People are bor...

Chloroplast evolution Essay Example

Chloroplast evolution Essay Example Chloroplast evolution Paper Chloroplast evolution Paper Chloroplast evolution Introduction Chloroplasts are the particular class of plastids in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place. They are subcellular organelles that perform various specific functions in plant cell and algae. Many research studies have confirmed the fact that evolution of chloroplasts occurred from cyanobacterium through the process of endosymbiosis (Raven and Allen, 2003). This has been revealed by studying the genetic sequence of cyanobacteria (Raven and Allen, 2003). There are many kinds of plastids in plants but chloroplasts are concerned with photosynthesis. One kind of plastids is etioplasts, a primitive stage of cholorplasts, and found in abundance in the leaves of plants that grow in darkness. However, these are instantaneously converted into chloroplasts when they come in contact with sunlight. Chloroplasts are present in cytoplasm of a cell bears the green pigment chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight to provide energy for photosynthesis. These are present in autotrophic plants (Briscoe). Many theories have been suggested for the evolution of chloroplasts. The chloroplasts are monophyletic. Their genome and gene structure matches the genetic sequence of cyanobacterium (Raven and Allen, 2003). In chloroplasts evolution the most important theory is endosymbiotic gene transfer theory. Theory defines that throughout the stage of evolution endosymbiont events take place and gene transfers from symbionts to the host. The intergenomic transfers and genetic interactions between the nucleus and organelles are highly regulated (Raven and Allen, 2003). Plastids are derived from cyanobacteria by process of endosymbiosis was first hypothesized by Mereschkowsky (1905). However, further studies in molecular genetics, biochemical, and microscopic studies have revealed that plastids contain ribosomes, DNA/RNA that responsible for inheritance of certain characteristics (Briscoe). The genome in plastids replicates as normal genome, and carry out all other functions of transcription and translation (Briscoe). Plastids are evolved from blue-green algae (cyanobacteria). A number of studies have confirmed this fact that cyanobacteria are the closest bacterial homolog of plastids. They have a system of sunlight absorbing, oxygen production and water split same that of cholorplasts (Molnar, 1999). All proteins that are actively involved in plastids functions are encoded by genes. This is said to be the result of evolution of cyanobacteria and gene transfer (Doolittle et al 2003). During this transfer certain genes are moved while others are retained. â€Å"It also becomes possible to see clearly the algal ancestry of cells that have vestigial and otherwise unrecognizable plastids, and even to discern the unmistakable genomic footprint of plastids long lost from organisms one might never imagine to have descended from plants.† (Zhou et al 2006) Genomes in plastids encode above 100 of proteins (50-200), however there are inmureaable nuclear encoded products found in cytoplasms. Cyanobacterium gneome codes 1500 proteins. Many similarities have been found between proteome of cyanobacterium and other organelles of cells. It is said that the genes of cyanobacteria evolutes from endosymbiotic pre-plastids (Briscoe). When genes transfer from one location to another it is most probably that some of it will be lost, some will be transferred and some will be retained. â€Å"The process of transfer of genes to the nucleus would have involved duplication of each plastid gene, and a nuclear copy of the gene becoming able to produce a functional product in the cytosol or, with appropriate targeting sequences, in other compartments.† (Zhou et al 2006) It has been hypothesized that transfer from cyanobacterial genome into the plant genome took place in horizontal gene transfer. Different metabolic pathways are determined for encoding purpose of chloroplast genome and nuclear genome. Zhou et al (2006) compared the photosynthetic networks of chloroplasts and cyanobateria. It was postulated that compound reactions in chloroplasts are less than cyanobacteria, the path length of metabolic network was longer, less dense, with localized high density areas in chloroplasts. Enzyme proteins are encoded by genomes. These enzymes actively participate in different cellular functions. Chloroplast’s modular organization is organized in a much better way than cyanobacteria. Zhou et al (2006) concluded that as there are metabolic network differences between the two, cholorplasts and cyanobacteria, it shows that modifications may occur during evolutionary period during the process of endosymbiosis. Photosynthetic process of light absorption, efficiency of energy absorption, water split and oxygen release depends on the overall metabolic network. Clegg et al (1996) studied different patterns of genes that facilitate evolution. During the process of evolution nucleotide replacement. â€Å"The chloroplast genome (cpDNA) of plants has been a focus of research in plant molecular evolution and systematics. Several features of this genome have facilitated molecular evolutionary analyses. First, the genome is small and constitutes an abundant component of cellular DNA. Second, the chloroplast genome has been extensively characterized at the molecular level providing the basic information to support comparative evolutionary research. And third, rates of nucleotide substitution are relatively slow and therefore provide the appropriate window of resolution to study plant phylogeny at deep levels of evolution.† (Clegg et al 1996) DNA sequencing in chloroplasts is a new technique and depends upon how reliable a method is for DNA sequencing. Researches across the United States have developed very latest and sophisticated techniques for DNA sequencing. However, the process is very delicate, that even very minor error can disregard the whole process. Scientific labs have new latest technology implemented and DNA sequencing is made very comprehensive, easy and done locally as well. With new changes and advances in genetic engineering and its implication in plant genomics and evolution, it has become mandatory to further research in this field, as this can become strong scientific evidence. DNA sequencing is gaining popularity because of its unique and un-identical pattern, which is unique in different plastids. With DNA sequencing use in the research, its fair and valid use is important. Other problem in studying evolution and DNA sequencing is a factor of contamination. The DNA samples collected from the chloroplasts can get contaminated. There might be contamination of bacteria, dust or organic material in the samples. DNA can also be degraded if left for long period at the labs.   Degraded DNA can give false positive or false negative increasing the probability of error in the results. The allele frequencies are often used for studying evolution in chloroplasts because chances of random match are very great and not appropriate for small number of plastids and it does not affect probability of being similar or dissimilar. Errors produced in first case does not leave enough samples for further sequencing in many cases which cause much of the frustration to scientists and law professionals Evolutionary studies show that various benefits for DNA sequencing are that DNA patterns are very unique and complete sequencing will differentiate chloroplasts from several other kinds of plastids. DNA when acted upon with polymerase can be amplified and hence smaller sample sizes are sufficient to use for sequencing. Because on single DNA strand can be split into many pieces several samples can be used for sequencing. Any cyanobacterium cell can be examined for DNA sequencing as every cell is nucleated. This gives preference of DNA sequencing of chloroplasts over other sequencing techniques. DNA sequencing also gives it preference over protein sequencing as it is more resistant to degradation. â€Å"Modular structures differ among different organisms. The similarity of overall modular structure among chloroplasts, photosynthetic bacteria, E.coli, Arabidopsis thaliana and Cyanidioschyzon merolae has been calculated and is shown as a dendrogram in Figure 2 (see Methods section for d etailed description of the similarity measurements of modules). Remarkably, all cyanobacteria exhibit very similar modular organization and are different from chloroplasts. Arabidopsis thaliana and Cyanidioschyzon merolae are clustered together with high similar modular structure. This result is consistent with the topological results (Table 1) that chloroplast metabolic network shows different characteristics.† (Zhou et al 2006) With new changes and advances in genetic engineering and its implication in plant evolution, it has become mandatory to further investigate and research in this field, as this can become strong scientific evidence. DNA sequencing is gaining popularity because of its unique and un-identical pattern, which is different in every different kinds of plant cells. With DNA sequencing use in the research, its fair and valid use is important. What genetic information is valid as evidence in chloroplasts evolution? It is of immense importance to understand that the two bands of DNA are a match even if they’re not aligned with each other. However, it is clear to the experts that band shifting requires additional analysis for interpretation of the correct results. There are so many intricacies in DNA profiling that with a slight mistake with a false similarity in different plastids. Possibilities lies in the fact that band shift can shift either more like a match or away from match. â€Å"Only comparative studies of molecular sequences have the resolution to reveal this underlying complexity. A complete description of the complexity of molecular change is essential to a full understanding of the mechanisms of evolutionary change and in the formulation of realistic models of mutational processes.† (Clegg et al 1996) Band shifting is one of the major problems in evolutionary studies today’s research face while making decisions and this has to be understood and checked for reliability in the chloroplasts evolution. In addition, they are developing special probes. In another study probe was conducted and evidence was provided even when bands were shifted but later the evidence was withdrawn because in a second probe a correction factor was found. In many such cases DNA evidence was not accepted because of the discrepancies in the results. DNA typing is becoming more popular in the chloroplasts evolution.   The Geneticists and law professional will need to work strong relation to implement DNA evidence in conviction cases.   Researchers must get trained and educated in DNA patterning and sequencing system to decide for an authentic results. There is need to set standards for the procedures and techniques used. Absence of any universally adopted system may produce discrepancies in the results. Technicians and the professionals hired for this purpose must have skilled and experienced background. In many research cases it was found that the professional involved in Lab for sequencing purpose were not skilled and had forged credentials. It is very important to update current research studies with new technology to get more and more reliable method of scrutinizing results in chloroplast evolutionary studies. However, it must be reliable and useful to investigate previous researches as well. â€Å"The work of Brinkman et al. [8] re-examines the processes that have led to the high proportion of proteins of a bacterial human pathogen, Chlamydia, that are similar to those of plants. This similarity was formerly attributed to horizontal gene transfer from plants, or plant-like host organisms, to the bacterium. Brinkman et al. [8] point out that such gene transfer is unlikely since all extant Chlamydiaceae are obligate intracellular parasites of animals. Instead, the analysis by Brinkman et al. [8] shows that the majority of the plant-like genes in Chlamydia are, in plant cells, targeted to the chloroplast. But the conclusion that this targeting of proteins to chloroplasts is necessarily a function of their origin from a plastid ancestor is not always sound. Furthermore, Martin et al. [6] did not find much similarity between Chlamydia and Arabidopsis (see Figure 1 in [6]). Clearly, further investigation is needed.† (Raven and Allen) One of the many problems cited by professionals in the plant evolution fields are the evidentiary flaws in the studies.   There are some technologies available to extract evidence from such as leaves, but they are not routinely in use.   Unfortunately, these fluids lack a â€Å"definitive set of useful genetic markers† that proves a regular handicap for a conclusive test of DNA that results in usable evidence.   In watching the results a viewer can easily assume that this type of evidence is easy to collect and test, and that it would be used in a case. The chloroplast genome has been a major focus in studying plant evolution and plant genetics (Golenberg et al., 1993; Clegg et al. 1994; Morton, 1995; Clegg et al. 1997; Morton, 1999; Stoebe and Kowllik, 1999). It is now commonly believed that chloroplasts are the consequence of an endosymbiotic event between a eukaryotic host cell and an ancestor of the cyanobacteria (Curtis and Clegg, 1984; Delwiche et al. 1995; Barbrook et al., 1998; Turmel et al. 1999). Plastids developed either from a primary endosymbiotic event or from a secondary event. One of the main points of conjecture is the whether all plastids are monophyletic or polyphyletic. The evidence appears to overwhelmingly support a monophyletic origin (Delwiche et al., 1995), yet some cases are not so clear cut (Penny and OKelly, 1991; Lockhart et al. 1992). Plastids in the red algae appear to be of polyphyletic origin relative to the green plastid lineage.   On the other hand the green algae, from which green plants evolved, later acquired their plastids from a different cyanobacterial species, in which case they would be polyphyletic to the rhodophytes. Ultimately, all plastids are monophyletic assuming there was only one universal ancestor to all life. Throughout evolution, chloroplasts (and mitochondria) appear to have lost most of their ancestral genes. If chloroplasts are descendents from free living cyanobacteria, then there has been a major reduction in the genome sizes since their endosymbiotic origin. Some chloroplast genes are thought to be transferred to the nucleus, while some genes are thought to have been transferred to the mitochondria as well (Gray and Joyce, 1989; Menaud et al., 1998). For example, in Arabidopsis thaliana, a gene coding for methionyl-tRNA synthetase in the mitochondrial genome may have originated in the chloroplast (Menaud et al. 1998). Therefore the mitochondrial genome is a mosaic of genes with different origins (Gray and Joyce, 1989) as is the nuclear genome, and possibly the chloroplast genome. Creating transgenic crops, determining the gene flow, determining the inheritance patterns, etc will be the most highlighted issues. Another fact may be the events in transgenic crops that a mechanism might be elucidated by catching a transfer event in the act, which could shed some light on the early evolution of endosymbionts with their hosts. â€Å"Despite a conservative rate of evolution and a relatively stable gene content, comparative molecular analyses reveal complex patterns of mutational changes. Non-coding regions of cpDNA diverge through insertion/deletion changes that are sometimes site dependent. Coding genes exhibit different patterns of codon bias that appear to violate the equilibrium assumptions of some evolutionary models. Rates of molecular change often vary among plant families and orders in a manner that violates the assumption of a simple molecular clock. Finally, protein-coding genes exhibit patterns of amino acid change that appear to depend on protein structure, and these patterns may reveal subtle aspects of structure/function relationships.† (Clegg, 1994) Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) which is a technique that analyzes the lengths of DNA fragments using an enzyme that cuts a specific sequence that carries a particular recognition site.   The presence or absence of the sire identifies the DNA sequence in the sample.   RFLP is one of the original applications, though it is in use to a lesser degree as newer techniques prove more efficient in DNA analysis and because it is more easily contaminated than newer techniques. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Analysis is capable of amplifying tiny samples of DNA and allows for degraded samples to be analyzed.   It is also easily contaminated so great care must be taken in the collection and preservation of the samples. Short Tandem Repeat (STR) Analysis evaluates specific regions of nuclear DNA because the variability of the regions are used to distinguish DNA profiles from one another.   It is with this technology that the FBI uses a standard set of 13 regions to match DNA profiles to individuals in real cases as well as on television shows using the national CODIS database. (HGP, 2004) Conclusion Therefore, only highly skilled, educated and trained professionals should be hired for this purpose. Skilled professionals, reliable procedures, well working equipments should be used. Scientists should be trained and educated about the new techniques and methods and their validity so that they may take accurate decisions. While discussing such an important topic, it’s very crucial to understand the mechanisms of Gene transfer. Here the question arises why would genes be transferred to the nucleus in the first place? What selective advantage could there be etc.   One opinion in this regard is that when a gene moves from the chloroplast to the nucleus, there is a change in context from an asexual to a sexual genome. Recombination can then take place to reduce genetic load (Race et al. 1999). The case in plants is, however, different, i.e. much lower. Concluding the matter, it can be stated that, understanding chloroplast genomes and mechanisms of gene regulation will be of utmost importance in future. Though a lot of work has already been done but there’s still the room for improvement. References Dear Customer: I have finally revised this document as per your request. If you need further help then don’t hesitate to contact me. Don’t forget to add positive feedback if you like this work. Please note down my email and delete this message. Thank you! From Writer: Sam Shf [[emailprotected]] Barbrook, A.C., Lockhart, P.J. and Howe, C.J. (1998) Phylogenetic analysis of plastid origins based on secA sequences. Current Genetics. 34:336-341 Briscoe, Katie. Plant cell plastids. Retrieved from http://sun.menloschool.org/~cweaver/cells/c/plastids/ Clegg, M.T., Cummings, M.P. and Durbin, M. (1997) The evolution of plant nuclear genes. PNAS USA. 94:7791-7798 Clegg, M.T., Gaut, B.S., Learn Jr., G.H. and Morton, B. (1994) Rates and patterns of chloroplast DNA evolution. PNAS USA. 6795-6801 Curtis, S. and Clegg, M.T. (1984) Molecular evolution of chloroplast DNA sequences. Mol. Biol. Evol. 1:291-301 Delwiche, C.F., Kuhsel, M. and Palmer, J.D. (1995) Phylogenetic analysis of tufA sequences indicates a cyanobacterial origin of all plastids. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 4:110-128 Doolittle WF, Boucher Y, Nesbà ¸ CL, Douady CJ, Andersson JO, Roger AJ. How big is the iceberg of which organellar genes in nuclear genomes are but the tip? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2003;358:39–58. [PubMed] [Free Full Text] Golenberg, E.M., Clegg, M.T., Durbin, M.L., Doebley, J. Ma, D.P. (1993) Evolution of a noncoding region of the chloroplast genome. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2:52-64 Gray, M. (1989) The evolutionary origins of organelles. TIG. 5: John A Raven 1 and John F Allen2. Genomics and chloroplast evolution: what did cyanobacteria do for plants? Genome Biol. 2003; 4(3): 209. Published online 2003 March 3. Copyright  © 2003 BioMed Central Ltd Joyce, P.B.M. and Gray, M.W. (1989) Chloroplast-like transfer RNA genes expressed in wheat mitochondria. Nucleic Acids research. 17:5461-5476. Human Genome Project. DNA Forensics. September 2004. ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/forensics.shtml Lockhart, P.J., Howe, C.J., Bryant, D.A., Beanland, T.J. and Larkum, A.W.D. (1992) Substitutional bias confounds inference of cyanelle origins from sequence data. J. Mol. Evol. 34:153-162 Mereschkowsky C. ÃÅ"ber Natur und Ursprung der Chromatophoren im Pflanzenreiche. Biol Centralbl. 1905;25:593–604. M T Clegg, B S Gaut, G H Learn, Jr, and B R Morton (1994). Rates and patterns of chloroplast DNA evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. v.91(15); Jul 19, 1994 Molnar, Sebastian (1999) Chloroplast Genetics. Retrieved from geocities.com/we_evolve/Plants/chloroplast.html Morton, B.R. (1995) Neighbouring base composition and transversion/transition bias in a comparison of rice and maize chloroplast noncoding regions. PNAS USA. 92:9717-9721 Morton, B.R. (1999) Strand asymmetry and codon bias in the chloroplast genome of Euglena gracilis. PNAS USA. 96:5123-5128 Penny, D. and OKelly, C.J. (1991) Seeds of a universal tree. Nature. 350:106-107 Race, H., Hermann, R.G. and Martin, W. (1999) Why have organelles retained genomes? TIG. 15:364-370 Stoebe, B. and Kowallik, K.L. (1999) Gene-cluster analysis in chloroplast genomics. TIG. 15:344-347 Turmel, M., Otis, C. and Lemieux, C. (1999) The complete chloroplast DNA sequence of the green alga Nephrselmis olivacea: insights into the architecture of ancestral chloroplast genomes. PNAS USA. 96:10248-10253 Zhuo Wang, Xin-Guang Zhu, Yazhu Chen, Yuanyuan Li, Jing Hou, Yixue Li   and Lei Liu  ,  (2006) Exploring photosynthesis evolution by comparative analysis of metabolic networks between chloroplasts and photosynthetic bacteria

Inamo restaurant in London Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Inamo restaurant in London - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that modern world pace has now started to dictate every walk of life that even includes the time we are not working. Work has taken primarily the majority of our time in the week. Therefore the cooling time of the human machinery has been taken up by business individuals calling it the restaurant and catering industry. Many high rise and catchy building surface everyday offering food and entertainment for the consumers which are deprived of a cool off time at home due to their busy schedules. Therefore, generating an air of competition among rivals and between rival food joints. Each and every food providing facility incorporates methods to stand aloof of the rest of the bunch which is a major factor contributing towards the success and profit of the business. Technology as it stands in the present time is the lone factor which can propel any business to the stars or to the ground, from the lack of it. Similarly new fashion modern eat-out pla ces are integrating technology with their restaurants to enable an environment for the consumer that is self pulling in its own manner. The hospitality industry inspired by the James Bond’s technology stunts have entered into the technology race, just like the Russian American space race in the early 60’s. The only difference, there are many moons that can be conquered. The inamo restaurant website gives a very interactive look while selecting of the dishes and table reservation. According to a recent survey, a larger percentage of new entrepreneurs employ internet to enhance their business appeal (McKendric,1999). These internet applications, like the e-ordering system has great interest for researchers and developers as the information sharing is the core part of the business operation. Given the competition from old-school businesses and their firm hold on the market, an e-business can only survive if it provides the following facility to the customer: reduced price s, broader selection bracket, better options and better services (Vassos, 1996). All these mentioned qualities are available in the form of e-ordering system of the â€Å"inamo† restaurant. The wide variety can also be seen in a pictorial view, making it far easier for the customers to choose their food from their comfort of their homes before reaching the place itself. Some services like the actual delivery of food cannot be controlled online; therefore physical presence of the customer is needed in this case in the restaurant. The restaurant implies an interactive menu table for the pleasure of the customer to avoid the fuss of waiter interaction once he

British Industrialization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

British Industrialization - Essay Example Historians have pointed in great detail the changes which occurred in the heights of British population since the 1800s to the improvement in the standard of living of the whole population and groups within it. This is mainly because welfare of the population reflected the ability to produce both agricultural goods on which it can feed and the industrial goods and services which it can sell. Between 1750 and 1850, the population of England and Wales virtually trebled, rising from about 6.5 to about 18 million as the population rose at the rate of 10 percent each decade. (Hall et al., 133) Another result of industrialization which worked in tandem with population growth was the growth of cities. In 1750, there were only two cities in Britain with a population of over 50,000 inhabitants – London and Edinburgh - but by 1801 there would be eight of such cities and by 1851, twenty-nine. (Hall et al. 1996, 133) People, especially disposed agricultural workers, naturally trooped to the cities with its increased opportunities for work. In slightly over one hundred years, the urbanism moved through a cycle of expansion, restructuring and decline, driven by shifts in the capitalist economy and by changing sources of power. Large-scale industry moved along with steam engines into an array of British cities. Manufacturing cities first reaped the benefits of industrial growth because they captured a major share of capital investment. Monumental factories sprang up everywhere to house the huge stationary engines and machines. The new urban working class was relegated to the role of machine minders. Cities were bursting to the seams. For instance, the population in Liverpool reached a density of 3000 people per hectare – people lived anywhere they could, even cellars were packed full. (Girardet & N’Dow, 50) With this kind of urban development came some consequences as

Book Review about US History up to 1877 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Book Review about US History up to 1877 - Essay Example Whereas shorter and supplementary centered, "The Awakening" stays put an excellent review of a crucial era of historic political establishments such as setting up of American nationality and governance structures. An Overview of the then American society Dangerfield indicates the enlargement of both economic chauvinism and egalitarian nationalism and how these contradictory forces destabilized any hopes for an epoch of excellent feelings in the country’s politics. In case an individual is interested in understanding the significant political stage between the conclusions of the War of 1812 in addition to the Jacksonian time, this is an exceptional overview and, unsurpassed of all, is a simple read. The aim of this paper is to provide an evaluation of the history of the United States up to 1877. The evaluation of these crucial historical moments will be accomplished through the review of the book ‘The awakening of American nationalism, 1815-1828’ that was written b y Dangerfield, George (Livermore 595). Democracy and nationhood The book titled ‘The awakening of American nationalism, 1815-1828,’ perfectly covers the historic events that were crucial in the evolution of the United States during that particular period. ... The reader is treated to a simplistic evaluation of matters revolving the United States in the early 1800s, which then was a young nation nascent democratic structure. Livermore (596) believes a fortuitous and new retelling of the narrative of the surfacing of American nationalism is presented. By any approach the years subsequent to the tranquility of Ghent, an epoch inaugurated by what has been supposedly referred to as â€Å"the era of good feelings," must be measured an instance of outstanding growth and expansion in the United States. Above all, it may be well thought-out a point in time of the fruition and maturing of American nationalism. It is the extraordinary good quality of Dangerfield's sparkling synthesis of the stage that he manages to maintain the focus on this innermost theme-the challenge among the economic nationalism talked about by Henry Clay along with John Quincy Adams and the autonomous nationalism illustrated by the enthusiasts of Andrew Jackson. That he does so without disregarding America's position in global affairs and chiefly the mounting economic contention with Britain, nor devoid of diminishing the parts participated by the foremost actors on the countrywide stage, attests the impartial judgment as well as sense of amounts that are obvious throughout the book. In fact, it is the disagreement of the American trade and industrial nationalism in the midst of the Liberal Toryism of Lord Liverpool as well as William Huskisson that this manuscript delineates with outstanding brightness and depth. Dangerfield, a great craftsman, competently weaves numerous and different yarns into one wonderful tapestry. By digging deep into the roles of several individuals who were the key players in the history of America